Chemistry Fundamentals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is chemistry?

Study of matter

Which of the following describes matter?

  • Anything that takes up space (correct)
  • Only gases
  • Only solids
  • Only liquids

    • What is a physical change?

    Wood to wood chips, chewing

    What is a chemical change?

    <p>Wood burned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are elements?

    <p>Substance that can't be broken down to simpler form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four major elements that make up 96% of the body weight?

    <p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?

    <p>Inside the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a compound?

    <p>Substance that forms when two or more different atoms bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CHON stand for?

    <p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number?

    <p>Number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an isotope?

    <p>An atom with the same atomic number but a different atomic weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do radioisotopes do?

    <p>They are unstable isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is radioactivity?

    <p>Process of spontaneous breakdown (decay)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are electron shells?

    <p>Shells surround the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ionic bonding?

    <p>Transfer of electrons between atoms to stabilize outer shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a covalent bond?

    <p>Sharing of electrons between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does organic chemistry study?

    <p>Study of carbon-containing substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does inorganic chemistry study?

    <p>Study of non-carbon containing substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hydrogen bond?

    <p>Weak attraction between water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Na+ represent?

    <p>Sodium, fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Ca2+ represent?

    <p>Cation Calcium, component of bones and teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the pH scale measure?

    <p>Acidity and alkalinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH of blood?

    <p>7.35-7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an electrolyte?

    <p>Substance that forms ions when dissolved in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are catalysts?

    <p>Substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are enzymes?

    <p>Proteins that perform the role of catalysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polar molecule?

    <p>Molecule that has a lopsided charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an acid?

    <p>An electrolyte that dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a base?

    <p>Substance that combines with H+ and neutralizes an acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define thermal energy.

    <p>Energy transferred due to a temperature difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mixture?

    <p>Combinations of two or more substances that can be separated by ordinary physical means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mechanical energy?

    <p>Energy that causes movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is electrical energy?

    <p>Energy released from the movement of charged particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is radiant energy?

    <p>Energy that travels in waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is energy?

    <p>The ability to perform work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemistry Fundamentals

    • Chemistry is the study of matter, encompassing solids, liquids, and gases.
    • Matter is anything that occupies space.

    Changes in Matter

    • Physical change: a transformation without altering chemical structure (e.g., wood to wood chips).
    • Chemical change: results in the formation of new substances (e.g., burning wood).

    Elements and Atoms

    • Elements are substances that cannot be simplified further; they consist of millions of atoms.
    • Four primary elements (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen - CHON) constitute 96% of body weight.
    • An atom is the smallest unit of an element, made of protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (−).

    Atomic Structure

    • Atomic number indicates the count of protons in an atom's nucleus.
    • Atomic weight is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
    • Isotopes differ in atomic weight but have the same atomic number (e.g., heavy hydrogen).

    Chemical Bonds

    • Molecules form when two or more atoms bond (e.g., O2, H2O).
    • Chemical bonding is driven by the desire of outer shells to achieve stability (8 electrons).
    • Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, stabilizing the atoms involved.
    • Covalent bonds entail the sharing of electrons between atoms, creating strong connections.

    Organic and Inorganic Chemistry

    • Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-containing compounds.
    • Inorganic chemistry deals with non-carbon substances.

    Water and Its Importance

    • Water is considered the universal solvent and plays critical roles in temperature regulation, lubrication, and chemical reactions.

    Ions and Electrolytes

    • Ions are charged particles, which can be cations (positively charged) or anions (negatively charged).
    • Important cations include Na+ (sodium), Ca2+ (calcium), Fe2+ (iron), H+ (hydrogen), K+ (potassium), and NH4+ (ammonium).
    • Key anions include Cl− (chloride), HCO3− (bicarbonate), and PO4^3− (phosphate).
    • Electrolytes conduct electrical charges, crucial for bodily functions.

    pH and Acid-Base Balance

    • The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity, with 7 being neutral.
    • Normal blood pH ranges between 7.35 and 7.45; values outside this can indicate acidotic (pH < 7.35) or alkalotic (pH > 7.45) conditions.
    • Buffers help regulate pH by neutralizing excess acids and bases.

    Energy and Its Forms

    • Energy is the capacity to perform work and exists in various forms:
      • Mechanical energy causes physical movement.
      • Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds.
      • Electrical energy results from charged particle movement.
      • Radiant energy travels in waves, such as light.
      • Thermal energy transfers due to temperature differences.
      • Nuclear energy is released during radioactive decay.

    Mixtures

    • Mixtures combine two or more substances that can be separated by physical methods.

    Summary of Atoms and Charges

    • Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
    • Acidic substances (e.g., vinegar, lemon juice) display pH values below 7, while alkaline substances (e.g., soap, ammonia) have pH values above 7.
    • Water has a neutral pH of 7, while stomach content is highly acidic (pH 1-4) and urine falls between pH 5-8.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of basic chemistry concepts, including matter, changes in matter, atomic structure, and chemical bonds. This quiz covers essential topics that form the foundation of chemistry, providing a comprehensive understanding for beginners.

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