Questions and Answers
What is chemistry?
Study of matter
Which of the following describes matter?
What is a physical change?
Wood to wood chips, chewing
What is a chemical change?
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What are elements?
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What are the four major elements that make up 96% of the body weight?
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Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?
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What is a compound?
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What does CHON stand for?
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What is the atomic number?
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What is an isotope?
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What do radioisotopes do?
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What is radioactivity?
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What are electron shells?
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What is ionic bonding?
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What is a covalent bond?
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What does organic chemistry study?
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What does inorganic chemistry study?
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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What does Na+ represent?
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What does Ca2+ represent?
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What does the pH scale measure?
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What is the normal pH of blood?
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What is an electrolyte?
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What are catalysts?
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What are enzymes?
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What is a polar molecule?
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What is an acid?
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What is a base?
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Define thermal energy.
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What is a mixture?
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What is mechanical energy?
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What is electrical energy?
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What is radiant energy?
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What is energy?
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Study Notes
Chemistry Fundamentals
- Chemistry is the study of matter, encompassing solids, liquids, and gases.
- Matter is anything that occupies space.
Changes in Matter
- Physical change: a transformation without altering chemical structure (e.g., wood to wood chips).
- Chemical change: results in the formation of new substances (e.g., burning wood).
Elements and Atoms
- Elements are substances that cannot be simplified further; they consist of millions of atoms.
- Four primary elements (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen - CHON) constitute 96% of body weight.
- An atom is the smallest unit of an element, made of protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (−).
Atomic Structure
- Atomic number indicates the count of protons in an atom's nucleus.
- Atomic weight is the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Isotopes differ in atomic weight but have the same atomic number (e.g., heavy hydrogen).
Chemical Bonds
- Molecules form when two or more atoms bond (e.g., O2, H2O).
- Chemical bonding is driven by the desire of outer shells to achieve stability (8 electrons).
- Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons, stabilizing the atoms involved.
- Covalent bonds entail the sharing of electrons between atoms, creating strong connections.
Organic and Inorganic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-containing compounds.
- Inorganic chemistry deals with non-carbon substances.
Water and Its Importance
- Water is considered the universal solvent and plays critical roles in temperature regulation, lubrication, and chemical reactions.
Ions and Electrolytes
- Ions are charged particles, which can be cations (positively charged) or anions (negatively charged).
- Important cations include Na+ (sodium), Ca2+ (calcium), Fe2+ (iron), H+ (hydrogen), K+ (potassium), and NH4+ (ammonium).
- Key anions include Cl− (chloride), HCO3− (bicarbonate), and PO4^3− (phosphate).
- Electrolytes conduct electrical charges, crucial for bodily functions.
pH and Acid-Base Balance
- The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity, with 7 being neutral.
- Normal blood pH ranges between 7.35 and 7.45; values outside this can indicate acidotic (pH < 7.35) or alkalotic (pH > 7.45) conditions.
- Buffers help regulate pH by neutralizing excess acids and bases.
Energy and Its Forms
- Energy is the capacity to perform work and exists in various forms:
- Mechanical energy causes physical movement.
- Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds.
- Electrical energy results from charged particle movement.
- Radiant energy travels in waves, such as light.
- Thermal energy transfers due to temperature differences.
- Nuclear energy is released during radioactive decay.
Mixtures
- Mixtures combine two or more substances that can be separated by physical methods.
Summary of Atoms and Charges
- Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative charge.
- Acidic substances (e.g., vinegar, lemon juice) display pH values below 7, while alkaline substances (e.g., soap, ammonia) have pH values above 7.
- Water has a neutral pH of 7, while stomach content is highly acidic (pH 1-4) and urine falls between pH 5-8.
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Description
Test your knowledge of basic chemistry concepts, including matter, changes in matter, atomic structure, and chemical bonds. This quiz covers essential topics that form the foundation of chemistry, providing a comprehensive understanding for beginners.
