Chemistry for Engineers: Review Material

Number, unit, and uncertainty or error

Antoine Lavoisier

The determination of elements, ions, compounds, or substances present in the samples without considering the amount or concentration of the constituents

Macroscopic and microscopic properties

The reliable digits or numbers based on the degree of accuracy or precision of the measuring instrument being used

Greek: 'chemia' meaning the 'art of metal working'. Arabic: 'kimia' meaning the 'art of transmuting metals.'

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

The study of the behavior and properties of the elements and their compounds, except for the element carbon.

The behavior and properties of the element carbon and its compounds.

The amount or concentration of constituents in a sample being studied.

1. Inorganic chemistry focuses on the behavior and properties of elements and their compounds, excluding carbon. 2. Organic chemistry studies the behavior and properties of carbon and its compounds. 3. Analytical chemistry encompasses methods and processes of acquiring information about the composition of matter, including quantitative analysis of constituents.

The word 'chemistry' is derived from the Greek word 'chemia', meaning the 'art of metal working', and in Arabic, it is 'kimia', meaning the 'art of transmuting metals.'

Matter, in the study of chemistry, includes both living and non-living things. An example of living matter is a plant, and an example of non-living matter is a rock.

The exceptional compounds studied in inorganic chemistry are carbides, cyanides, and carbonates. They are exceptions because they contain carbon, which is typically the focus of organic chemistry.

Quantitative analysis in analytical chemistry is concerned with the amount or concentration of constituents in a sample. An example of a technique used in quantitative determination is spectrophotometry.

Qualitative analysis deals with the determination of elements, ions, compounds, or substances present in the samples without considering the amount or concentration of the constituents present in the sample. Quantitative analysis, on the other hand, focuses on the measurement and determination of the amount or concentration of the constituents present in the sample.

Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist, is credited as the founder and father of modern chemistry. Some of his contributions include quantitative experimentation using accurate measurements, organization of chemical data, chemical nomenclature, law of conservation of mass in chemical change, and explaining the theory of combustion.

The three elements of measurement are number, unit, and uncertainty or error. The number indicates the size or magnitude of the quantity being measured, the unit provides a basis for comparing a certain quantity with a standard reference, and uncertainty or error indicates the degree of accuracy and precision of a quantity being measured, usually indicated by the number of significant figures in a measurement.

Macroscopic properties can be measured or determined directly using measuring instruments like the meter stick, thermometer, graduated cylinder, beam balance, barometer, and others. Microscopic properties, on the other hand, must be determined using an indirect method, as they usually exist in an atomic or molecular scale and are difficult to measure directly.

Significant figures are the reliable digits or numbers in a measurement, based on the degree of accuracy or precision of the measuring instrument being used. They contribute to the reliability of the data by including only those digits in a measurement that are reliable based on the degree of accuracy or precision.