Chemistry Flashcards Section 102.11

Questions and Answers

What is chemistry?

The scientific study of matter and its changes. (correct)

The examination of rocks and minerals.

The study of living organisms.

The exploration of physical spaces.

What is matter?

Anything that occupies space and has weight.

What does organic chemistry deal with?

Matter that is now living or was alive, with carbon present.

What is the focus of inorganic chemistry?

Matter that is not alive and does not contain carbon. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a solid?

Matter with definite weight, volume, and shape. Signup and view all the answers

What is a liquid?

Matter with definite weight and volume but no definite shape. Signup and view all the answers

How is a gas defined?

Matter with definite weight but indefinite volume and shape. Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical change?

A change in the physical characteristics of a substance without creating a new substance. Signup and view all the answers

Define a chemical change.

A change that creates a new substance with different chemical characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

What are elements?

Basic substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances. Signup and view all the answers

What is an atom?

The smallest complete unit of an element. Signup and view all the answers

What are protons?

Subatomic particles with a positive electrical charge. Signup and view all the answers

What role do neutrons play in an atom?

Neutrons have no electrical charge and determine the atomic weight. Signup and view all the answers

What are electrons?

Subatomic particles with a negative electrical charge. Signup and view all the answers

Define a molecule.

Two or more atoms joined together by a chemical bond. Signup and view all the answers

What are amino acids?

Compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is a peptide bond?

A bond linking amino acids together in protein formation. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bonds with their characteristics:

Hydrogen Bond = Weak bond, broken by heat or water. Salt Bond = Attraction of unlike charges, helps organize protein chains. Disulfide Bond = Important for chemical services; affects hair structure. Van Der Waals Forces = Based on atomic group preferences, less crucial for salon professionals. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemistry Overview

Chemistry is the scientific study of matter, including its physical and chemical changes.
Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has weight, including solids, liquids, and gases.

Types of Chemistry

Organic Chemistry focuses on matter that is or was alive, characterized by the presence of carbon, such as plants and animals.
Inorganic Chemistry studies matter that is not and never has been alive, excluding carbon-based materials like rocks and minerals.

States of Matter

Solids have a definite weight, volume, and shape.
Liquids possess a definite weight and volume but do not have a definite shape.
Gases have a definite weight but exhibit indefinite volume and shape.

Changes in Matter

Physical Change involves altering physical characteristics without forming a new substance, e.g., melting ice or crushing a can.
Chemical Change results in new substances with different chemical characteristics, e.g., rust formation or baking a cake.

Elements and Atoms

All matter consists of atoms that form elements; these elements are basic substances that cannot be broken down further.
An atom is the smallest complete unit of an element, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Subatomic Particles

Protons carry a positive charge and identify the type of atom (e.g., hydrogen or oxygen).
Neutrons have no charge and contribute to the atomic weight.
Electrons possess a negative charge and facilitate chemical bonding between atoms.

Molecules and Proteins

Molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond together chemically, often by sharing electrons.
Amino Acids are compounds that comprise carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, forming the building blocks of proteins necessary for body growth and tissue repair.
Peptide Bonds link amino acids end-to-end to create protein structures.

Side Bonds in Hair

Side bonds in keratin proteins include hydrogen bonds, salt bonds, disulfide bonds, and van der Waals forces, each serving distinct functions.
Hydrogen Bonds are individually weak but collectively contribute about 35% of hair's strength and can be broken by heat or water.
Salt Bonds also contribute 35% to hair's resistance to change and help organize protein chains.
Disulfide Bonds are crucial for chemical services in hair, such as perming and relaxing, affecting shape and structural integrity.
Van der Waals Forces, while less significant in salon work, play a role in bonding chains within multimolecular structures.

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Description

Test your knowledge with this set of flashcards covering key concepts in chemistry. Each card features essential terms and definitions, including matter and organic chemistry. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of chemical principles.