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Questions and Answers
What is defined as the smallest unit of an element that retains its identity?
What is defined as the smallest unit of an element that retains its identity?
Which of the following best describes a pure substance?
Which of the following best describes a pure substance?
Which of the following properties does NOT depend on the amount of matter present?
Which of the following properties does NOT depend on the amount of matter present?
What type of mixture is salt water classified as?
What type of mixture is salt water classified as?
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Which of the following changes the identity of a substance?
Which of the following changes the identity of a substance?
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What term refers to the substances that undergo change in a chemical reaction?
What term refers to the substances that undergo change in a chemical reaction?
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Which state of matter has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container?
Which state of matter has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container?
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Which of the following is an example of an extensive property?
Which of the following is an example of an extensive property?
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What is meant by the term 'atomic number'?
What is meant by the term 'atomic number'?
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Which of the following statements about atomic mass is true?
Which of the following statements about atomic mass is true?
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Which element is heavier than iodine, despite its position on the periodic table?
Which element is heavier than iodine, despite its position on the periodic table?
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What type of observation involves measuring or counting something?
What type of observation involves measuring or counting something?
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In scientific notation, how is the value of a decimal moved to the right represented?
In scientific notation, how is the value of a decimal moved to the right represented?
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Which option describes a characteristic of non-metals?
Which option describes a characteristic of non-metals?
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What are significant figures?
What are significant figures?
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Which of the following is true about metals?
Which of the following is true about metals?
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What primarily distinguishes chemistry from biological sciences?
What primarily distinguishes chemistry from biological sciences?
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Which statement best describes chemistry as a science?
Which statement best describes chemistry as a science?
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What is the main focus of analytical chemistry?
What is the main focus of analytical chemistry?
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Which type of research aims to increase knowledge regarding chemical reactions?
Which type of research aims to increase knowledge regarding chemical reactions?
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Which of the following branches of chemistry focuses on processes within living organisms?
Which of the following branches of chemistry focuses on processes within living organisms?
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What defines matter in scientific terms?
What defines matter in scientific terms?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding zeros in significant figures?
Which of the following statements is true regarding zeros in significant figures?
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Which statement is true regarding the branches of chemistry?
Which statement is true regarding the branches of chemistry?
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What distinguishes precision from accuracy in measurements?
What distinguishes precision from accuracy in measurements?
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What type of research is exemplified by a company that develops new biodegradable plastics?
What type of research is exemplified by a company that develops new biodegradable plastics?
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According to Dalton's atomic theory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
According to Dalton's atomic theory, which of the following statements is FALSE?
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What does the law of conservation of mass state?
What does the law of conservation of mass state?
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What defines an isotope?
What defines an isotope?
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Which term describes the number of protons in an atom?
Which term describes the number of protons in an atom?
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What does the law of definite proportions state?
What does the law of definite proportions state?
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What is the formula for calculating density?
What is the formula for calculating density?
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a single orbital?
What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a single orbital?
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According to Hund’s rule, how should electrons be distributed in orbitals?
According to Hund’s rule, how should electrons be distributed in orbitals?
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Which principle explains that electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first?
Which principle explains that electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first?
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What quantum number describes the shape of the orbitals?
What quantum number describes the shape of the orbitals?
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Who was the first natural philosopher to propose the concept of the atom?
Who was the first natural philosopher to propose the concept of the atom?
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Which quantum number represents the spin direction of an electron?
Which quantum number represents the spin direction of an electron?
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What type of bond involves the transfer of electrons?
What type of bond involves the transfer of electrons?
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Mendeleev is known for arranging the elements based on which criterion?
Mendeleev is known for arranging the elements based on which criterion?
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What particles make up an atom?
What particles make up an atom?
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What is the definition of a mole in chemistry?
What is the definition of a mole in chemistry?
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How is molar mass related to atomic mass?
How is molar mass related to atomic mass?
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What is the primary reason electrons are arranged in specific electron configurations?
What is the primary reason electrons are arranged in specific electron configurations?
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What does the notation '1s²' represent in electron configuration?
What does the notation '1s²' represent in electron configuration?
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Which of the following statements about neutrons is correct?
Which of the following statements about neutrons is correct?
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Which element corresponds to a molar mass of 6.94 grams per mole?
Which element corresponds to a molar mass of 6.94 grams per mole?
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In noble gas notation, what does [Ne]3s² signify?
In noble gas notation, what does [Ne]3s² signify?
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Study Notes
Chemistry Exam - December 16, 2024
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Chemistry as a Physical Science:
- Natural sciences were once divided into biological and physical sciences.
- Biological science focuses on living things.
- Physical science focuses on non-living things.
- Chemistry is central to all sciences.
- It studies composition, structure, and matter's properties.
- Processes and energy changes that occur are also studied.
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Branches of Chemistry:
- Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing chemicals.
- Inorganic Chemistry: Study of chemicals without carbon.
- Physical Chemistry: Study of matter and energy properties.
- Analytical Chemistry: Study of the composition of matter.
- Biochemistry: Study of processes in organisms.
- Theoretical Chemistry: Study of chemical behavior using math and computers.
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Teflon's Case Study:
- Basic research increases knowledge (e.g., reaction mechanisms).
- Applied research solves problems (e.g., new refrigerants).
- Technological research improves quality of life (e.g., product development).
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Matter and its Properties:
- Matter: Anything with mass and volume.
- Mass: Measurement of matter's amount.
- Volume: 3D space occupied by an object.
- Atom: Smallest unit of an element that maintains its identity.
- Element: Pure substance of one type of atom.
- Compound: Pure substance with multiple elements combined.
- Molecule: Smallest unit of a compound.
- Mixture: Combination of two or more substances.
- Homogenous: Uniform mixture throughout (e.g., saltwater).
- Heterogenous: Non-uniform mixture (e.g., stew). -Extensive properties: depend on the amount of matter (e.g., mass, volume, and energy). -Intensive properties: do not depend on the amount of matter (e.g., melting point, density, and electrical conductivity).
- Physical properties: observable without changing identity.
- Physical change: change in substance without changing its identity (e.g. cutting).
- Chemical properties: describes the substance's ability to transform into other substances.
- Chemical change: results in new substances being formed.
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States of Matter:
- Solid: Definite volume and shape.
- Liquid: Definite volume, indefinite shape.
- Gas: Neither definite volume nor shape.
- Plasma: High-temp state of matter where atoms lose electrons.
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Elements in the Periodic Table:
- Groups are vertical columns.
- Periods are horizontal rows.
- Understanding atomic number (number of protons).
- Atomic number increases across each period and down each group. -Atomic mass is the combined number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. -Metals, non-metals, and metalloids are categorized based on properties (e.g., conductivity).
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Measurements and Calculations:
- Significant figures: digits that carry meaning in a measurement.
- Scientific notation: a convenient way to express very large or small numbers.
- Rules for significant figures during calculations.
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Accuracy and Precision:
- Accuracy: Closeness to the actual value.
- Precision: Consistency of repeated measurements.
- Calculating density: Density = mass/volume
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Dimensional Analysis: Use unit conversions to solve problems.
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Dalton's Atomic Theory: Concepts regarding the composition and behavior of atoms.
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Laws of Matter: Conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions.
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Atomic Structure: Atomic number, atomic mass, isotopes.
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Quantum Numbers: Describing electrons and their arrangements in an atom.
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Electron Configuration: Arrangement of electrons within an atom.
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Chemical Bonding: Types of bonding: Ionic and Covalent. Octet rule.
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Valence Electrons: Electrons at outermost shell.
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Electron Dot Structures: Representation of valence electrons.
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Ionic Compounds: Predicting formulas
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Charges: Understanding the positive or negative nature of elements and ions.
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Description
Prepare for your upcoming Chemistry exam by exploring key concepts in physical sciences, including the various branches of Chemistry such as Organic, Inorganic, and Analytical Chemistry. This quiz will also cover the relevance of research in advancing scientific knowledge, illustrated by a case study on Teflon. Test your understanding and enhance your insights into the fundamental aspects of Chemistry.
