Chemistry: Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds
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Questions and Answers

What do ball-and-stick models represent the bonds as?

  • Squares
  • Spheres
  • Sticks (correct)
  • Lines

The angles in a ball-and-stick model are not accurate.

False (B)

What is the molecular formula for alanine?

C3H7NO2

Sodium chloride is also known as ______.

<p>table salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the empirical formula of NaCl?

<p>NaCl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ionic compounds with their cations:

<p>Sodium chloride = Na+ Potassium fluoride = K+ Calcium oxide = Ca2+ Aluminum sulfide = Al3+</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ionic compounds, the positive element is written after the negative element in the chemical formula.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle is applied to predict the formulas of ionic compounds?

<p>Principle of electrical neutrality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the properties of nonmetals?

<p>Low melting points and low densities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Noble gases are highly reactive with other elements.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'halogen' mean?

<p>salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metals are typically found on the _____ side of the zigzag line in the periodic table.

<p>left</p> Signup and view all the answers

What charge does a cation carry?

<p>Positive charge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonmetals tend to form cations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements with their properties:

<p>Helium = Colorless gas, low reactivity Silicon = Semiconductor Argon = Inert gas, very low reactivity Iron = Metal, good conductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes semimetals?

<p>They exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adding an electron to an atom?

<p>An anion is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pure substances can be separated into two or more substances by physical methods.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sodium chloride is formed by the transfer of ___ from sodium to chlorine.

<p>one electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following particles with their type:

<p>Cation = Positively charged particle Anion = Negatively charged particle Ion = Charged particle Molecule = Two or more atoms joined by a bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can elements exist?

<p>As atoms or molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about covalent bonds?

<p>They involve the sharing of electrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Main-group nonmetals typically form anions whose charge is equal to the group number.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between a metal and a nonmetal?

<p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of compounds are formed when electrons are transferred?

<p>Ionic compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A molecular formula represents the total number of atoms of each element in a compound.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula unit of common table salt?

<p>NaCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the ionic compound formed between magnesium (Mg) and nitrogen (N)?

<p>Mg3N2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Binary ionic compounds are named by placing the nonmetal ion before the metal ion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molecules that have unequal sharing of electrons are called _____ covalent compounds.

<p>polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of compounds with their characteristics:

<p>Covalent Compounds = Sharing electrons among non-metals Ionic Compounds = Transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals Polar Covalent Compounds = Unequal sharing of electrons Molecular Formula = Represents the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the magnesium ion?

<p>+2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about compounds is true?

<p>All samples have the same elements in the same ratio. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The systematic name for NaCl is __________.

<p>sodium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a molecular formula?

<p>H2O (B), C2H4O2 (C), Fe2O3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structural formula provides a three-dimensional representation of a molecule.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mixtures can be separated into their components using chemical means.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each ionic compound with its systematic name:

<p>KF = Potassium fluoride CaO = Calcium oxide NaCl = Sodium chloride FeCl2 = Iron(II) chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural formula for methane?

<p>CH4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle behind the technique of distillation?

<p>The most volatile component vaporizes first.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds contains a polyatomic ion?

<p>MgSO4 (A), Li2CO3 (B), Ca3(PO4)2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cations formed from non-metals end with the suffix -ide.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of obtaining table salt from seawater typically involves __________.

<p>evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of sulfur in an ionic compound with aluminum?

<p>-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the separation technique with its corresponding physical property:

<p>Distillation = Boiling Point Filtration = State of Matter Chromatography = Adherence to a Surface Evaporation = Volatility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of mixtures can be separated by filtration?

<p>Mixtures with large particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chromatography relies on the different states of matter to separate components.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can change in a mixture while keeping its classification as a mixture?

<p>The proportion of pure substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Elements

Substances made of only one type of atom.

Compounds

Substances made of two or more different types of atoms.

Covalent Compound

A compound formed when electrons are shared between atoms.

Ionic Compound

A compound formed when electrons are transferred between atoms.

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Chemical Formula

The number and types of atoms in a compound.

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Molecular Formula

The chemical formula for a covalent compound.

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Formula Unit

The chemical formula for an ionic compound.

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Structural Formula

A visual representation of the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

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Pure Substance

A substance consisting of only one type of atom.

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Mixture

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.

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Distillation

A process used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points.

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Filtration

A method used to separate solid particles from a liquid by using a porous material.

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Evaporation

A separation technique used for mixtures where one or more dissolved solids are present.

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Volatility

The tendency of a liquid to vaporize at a given temperature.

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Chromatography

A separation technique based on the different affinities of substances to a stationary phase.

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What are ions?

Atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge.

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What is a cation?

A positively charged ion formed by losing electrons.

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What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion formed by gaining electrons.

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Describe a covalent bond.

A chemical bond where two atoms share electrons.

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Describe an ionic bond.

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions which attract.

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What is a molecule?

A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

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What is a compound?

A substance formed when two or more elements chemically combine in a fixed ratio.

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What is a chemical compound?

A substance formed when two or more different elements chemically combine in a fixed ratio.

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Binary compound

A compound containing only two different elements, such as NaCl (sodium chloride).

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Ionic compound formula

The chemical formula for an ionic compound, representing the simplest whole-number ratio of ions.

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Principle of electrical neutrality

The principle that the total positive charge and total negative charge in an ionic compound must be equal, resulting in a neutral compound.

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Ball-and-stick model

A representation of a molecule showing the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds, where atoms are represented as spheres and bonds as sticks.

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Space-filling model

A molecular model that accurately represents the 3D shape of a molecule by showing the relative sizes of the atoms, giving a realistic view of the molecule's shape.

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Empirical formula

A type of chemical formula that shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.

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Charge Balance in Ionic Compounds

In ionic compounds, the charges of the cations and anions must balance to form a neutral compound.

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Subscripts in Ionic Formulas

The subscripts in an ionic formula represent the number of each ion needed to achieve charge neutrality.

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Simplest Ratio in Ionic Formulas

The chemical formula of an ionic compound represents the simplest ratio of ions required for charge neutrality.

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Common Name

A common name for a compound, often used in everyday language, not based on its chemical composition.

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Systematic Name

A name based on the chemical composition of a compound, developed by the IUPAC.

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Binary Ionic Compounds

Compounds formed from two elements, one metal and one nonmetal, with a positive and negative ion.

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Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

The metal ion in a binary ionic compound is named first, followed by the nonmetal ion with the suffix '-ide'.

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Nonmetals

Elements that are generally found on the right side of the periodic table, exhibit a dull appearance, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

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Halogens

Elements that are characterized by their high reactivity and tendency to form salts. They are found in Group 17 of the periodic table.

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Metals

Elements that readily conduct heat and electricity, are malleable, ductile, and possess a metallic luster. They are typically found on the left side of the periodic table.

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Semimetals (Metalloids)

Elements that exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are found along the 'staircase' line separating metals and nonmetals on the periodic table.

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Noble Gases

Elements that are colorless gases with very low chemical reactivity. They are found in Group 18 of the periodic table.

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Study Notes

Matter: Elements, Mixtures, and Compounds

  • Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
  • Pure substances cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical methods.
  • Mixtures are a combination of two or more pure substances in varying proportions.
  • Mixtures can be categorized as either homogeneous or heterogeneous.
  • Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout, while heterogeneous mixtures have a non-uniform composition.
  • Elements are fundamental substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Chemical Formulas

  • Chemical formulas represent the composition of a compound using symbols for elements and numerical subscripts indicating the number of atoms of each element present.
  • The formula unit for an ionic compound represents the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in the compound.
  • The molecular formula for a covalent compound indicates the exact number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound

Naming Chemical Compounds

  • Naming compounds is essential for clear communication in chemistry.
  • Common names for compounds are often arbitrary and may not reflect the chemical composition.
  • Systematic names, developed by IUPAC, are based on the chemical composition and provide a standardized way to name compounds.
  • Binary ionic compounds are named by naming the cation (positive ion) followed by the anion (negative ion).

Types of Compounds

  • Covalent compounds are formed when atoms share electrons.
  • Ionic compounds are formed when atoms transfer electrons.
  • Polar covalent compounds are formed when electrons are shared unequally between atoms.
  • The name and formula of a covalent compound depends on the quantity of the atoms present in the compound, represented by prefixes.

Properties of Elements

  • Metals are typically solids with high melting points and densities, exhibit metallic luster, and are good conductors of heat and electricity.
  • Nonmetals are typically gases or brittle solids or liquids with low melting points and densities, do not exhibit luster, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

The Periodic Table

  • The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements.
  • Main groups are columns 1A-2A and 3A-8A.
  • Transition metals are in groups 3B-2B.
  • Inner transition metals are the lanthanides and actinides.
  • The table is organized by atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus) and recurring chemical properties.

Separation of Mixtures

  • Various techniques exist to separate mixtures based on differences in physical properties (boiling point, state of matter, adherence to a surface, or volatility).
  • Distillation is a method to separate liquids with different boiling points.
  • Filtration separates substances based on differences in particle size.
  • Evaporation separates components of homogenous mixtures based on volatility differences.

Ions

  • Ions are atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative electric charge.
  • Cations are positively charged ions.
  • Anions are negatively charged ions.
  • The charge of an ion is represented by a superscript (+ or -) and a numerical value if required.
  • Metals tend to form cations, whereas nonmetals tend to form anions.

Types of Mixtures: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous

  • Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout. Examples include solutions (e.g., saltwater) and alloys (e.g., steel).
  • Heterogeneous mixtures have a non-uniform composition throughout. Examples include suspensions (e.g., muddy water) and colloids (e.g., milk).

Atoms and Molecules

  • Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
  • Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Molecules are groups of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds.
  • Molecular models visually represent the structure and shape of molecules.

Ionic Compounds and Formula Units

  • Ionic compounds consist of cations and anions arranged in a crystal lattice.
  • The formula unit is the simplest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound or binary ionic compound.

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BMCI Week 1 Lecture 1: Compounds, Mixtures, Chemical Formulas and Naming Compounds PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of matter, including elements, mixtures, and compounds. This quiz delves into the classifications of mixtures and the significance of chemical formulas in representing compounds. Test your understanding of these key chemistry principles.

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