Chemistry: Elements and Compounds

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Which of the following substances can be broken down into the elements mercury and oxygen by heat?

Sucrose

Gold

Iron

Mercury(II) oxide (correct)

What process is responsible for creating the characteristic sweet and nutty flavor in caramel apples?

Fermentation

Oxidation

Caramelization (correct)

Evaporation

Which compound is used in photographic films and photochromic eyeglasses due to its property of breaking down into silver and chlorine under light exposure?

Sulfur

Oxygen

Iron

Silver(I) chloride (correct)

What type of mixture is Italian dressing?

Heterogeneous mixture Signup and view all the answers

Which element combines with hydrogen in a compound to form white crystalline sugar (sucrose)?

Carbon Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a sports drink at a molecular level that makes it a homogeneous mixture?

Uniform composition of components Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the earth's crust and atmosphere is made up of the eleven most common elements?

~90% Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes each compound from all other compounds?

Specific composition and properties Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate definition of matter?

Anything that has mass and occupies space Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a balloon when filled with gas, according to the text?

It inflates (increases its volume) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the volume of liquid and solid samples?

Their volumes are very nearly independent of pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a solid state of matter?

It is rigid and possesses a definite shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing factor between gases and plasmas?

Plasmas contain appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles Signup and view all the answers

In zero gravity, how do liquids behave according to the text?

They assume a spherical shape Signup and view all the answers

Where is a plasma naturally found, according to the text?

In the interiors of stars Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes plasma from gases?

Gases have no charged particles whereas plasmas do Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe matter that appears to have properties of solids, liquids, and/or gases at the same time?

Mixture Signup and view all the answers

What law summarizes that matter quantity remains constant during chemical changes or changes among solid, liquid, or gaseous states?

Law of Conservation of Matter Signup and view all the answers

How does an astronaut's weight on the moon compare to their weight on Earth?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which category does sucrose (table sugar) belong to based on its constant composition and properties?

Pure substance Signup and view all the answers

In which process do brewing beer and operating batteries provide examples of the conservation of matter?

Chemical reactions Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to provide evidence for the conservation of matter during digestion and assimilation of food?

'Waste' matter is not accounted for in measurements Signup and view all the answers

'Hybrid matter' or 'in-between states' can be observed in some samples when:

The sample is composed of many small pieces Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an atom?

The smallest particle of an element that cannot be divided further Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the first suggestion that matter is composed of atoms?

Leucippus and Democritus Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of a single carbon atom?

$0.000000015$ cm Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of a billion lead atoms?

$3 \times 10^{-13}$ grams Signup and view all the answers

What do elements like helium, neon, and argon consist of?

Individual atoms that move freely Signup and view all the answers

What are molecules composed of?

Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds Signup and view all the answers

Who supported the hypothesis that matter is composed of atoms with quantitative measurements?

John Dalton Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if a minimally sized piece of gold (an atom) were divided further according to the text?

It would no longer be gold Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of a water molecule?

2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom Signup and view all the answers

In the decomposition of water, how many hydrogen molecules are produced from two water molecules?

4 Signup and view all the answers

Which element is required for combustion of a fuel?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential advantage of fuel-cell vehicles (FCV) over vehicles with internal combustion engines?

Higher efficiency Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components used to produce the case/body/frame of a cell phone?

Polycarbonate thermoplastics and light structural metals Signup and view all the answers

What materials are commonly used in the circuit board of a cell phone?

Copper, tin, silver, and gold Signup and view all the answers

What type of glass is the display screen of a cell phone typically made from?

Silica glass Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of coating the display screen with a conductive material?

To make it conductive Signup and view all the answers

If water molecules inside an enlarged ordinary glass of water were the size of golf balls, what would be the size of glucose molecules?

The size of baseballs Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in water molecules?

2:1 Signup and view all the answers

Which gases are produced by the breakdown of water through rearranging its atoms?

Hydrogen and Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What property distinguishes oxygen from hydrogen in terms of flammability?

Both oxygen and hydrogen are flammable. Signup and view all the answers

What element is required for the combustion of a fuel?