Chemistry: Covalent Bonding and Atomic Orbitals

What is the primary mechanism of covalent bonding?

Electrostatic attraction between atoms
Transfer of valence electrons between atoms
Sharing of valence electrons between atoms (correct)
Repulsion between atomic nuclei

What happens to the atomic orbitals during the formation of a covalent bond?

They merge to form a single orbital
They remain unchanged
They overlap to form a bonding molecular orbital (correct)
They are destroyed

What is the optimal distance between atoms in a covalent bond?

The distance at which electrostatic repulsion is minimum
The distance at which potential energy is maximum
The distance at which attraction forces are maximum
The equilibrium bond length (correct)

What is the shape of the electron density around the nuclei in a covalent bond?

Elliptical (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of decreasing the distance between atoms in a covalent bond?

The electrostatic repulsion between nuclei increases (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the distribution of electron density in a covalent bond?

Higher between the nuclei and lower around the nuclei (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the shared electrons between two atoms in a covalent bond?

Bonding pair (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of two atoms sharing three pairs of electrons?

Triple covalent bond (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy needed to overcome the attraction between the nuclei and the shared electrons in a covalent bond?

Bond energy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an outer-level electron pair that is not involved in bonding?

Lone pair (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of electron pairs being shared by a given pair of atoms in a covalent bond?

Bond order (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that hydrogen can achieve in a covalent bond?

2 (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why atoms form chemical bonds?

To lower the potential energy of the valence electrons (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding occurs when a metal bonds to a nonmetal?

Ionic bonding (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding involves the sharing of electrons?

Covalent bonding (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor in determining the formation of a chemical bond?

The potential energy of the separate atoms (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding occurs when a metal bonds to another metal?

Metallic bonding (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the interactions between nucleus-electron attractions, nucleus-nucleus repulsions, and electron-electron repulsions?

The calculation of potential energy (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force for the formation of chemical bonds?

The decrease in potential energy of the valence electrons (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bonding is characterized by the transfer of electrons between atoms?

Ionic bonding (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the formation of a chemical bond between two atoms?

A decrease in the potential energy of the separate atoms (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bonding is characterized by the pooling of electrons between metal atoms?

Metallic bonding (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor in determining the type of bonding that occurs between two atoms?

The electronegativity of the atoms (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical bonding?

Nuclear bonding (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of valence electrons in an atom of nitrogen in its ground state?

5 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of drawing Lewis symbols for metal atoms?

To determine the number of electrons an atom loses to form a cation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of the octet rule in chemical bonding?

Atoms tend to lose or gain electrons to attain a filled outer level of 8 electrons (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom?

The formation of an ionic bond (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of sodium atoms to oxygen atoms required to form a compound?

2:1 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of drawing partial orbital diagrams in the context of ionic bonding?

To depict the formation of ions from the atoms (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption of the Lewis model regarding the valence electrons of an atom?

They are held most loosely (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Lewis electron-dot symbols in the Lewis model?

To represent the valence electrons of an element (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying principle behind the formation of a chemical bond in the Lewis model?

The sharing of electrons between atoms (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the A-group number in the Lewis model?

It determines the number of valence electrons (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when two atoms attain stable electron configurations through the sharing or transfer of valence electrons?

A chemical bond is formed (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Lewis structures and molecular orbital diagrams?

Lewis structures are used for predicting bond types, while molecular orbital diagrams are used for predicting molecular shape (A) Signup and view all the answers