Atomic Structure and Covalent Bonding
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Questions and Answers

What determines the identity of an atom?

  • The number of protons (correct)
  • The mass number
  • The number of electrons
  • The number of neutrons

    • Which statement accurately describes the mass of protons and neutrons?

  • Protons and neutrons both have a mass of 1 (correct)
  • Protons have a mass of 1 and neutrons have a negligible mass
  • Only neutrons have a mass of 1
  • Both protons and neutrons have a mass of approximately 0.0005

    • How does the ratio of neutrons to protons influence an atom?

  • It identifies the element
  • It affects the stability of the nucleus (correct)
  • It determines the atomic number
  • It dictates the charge of the atom

    • What is true about isotopes of an element?

    <p>They have the same number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mass number represent on the periodic table?

    <p>The total number of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the primary characteristic of elements?

    <p>They are substances made up of only one type of atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key contribution of John Dalton to atomic theory?

    <p>Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of the atom introduced the concept of a nucleus?

    <p>Nuclear model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subatomic particle is negatively charged?

    <p>Electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Niels Bohr's atomic model, what keeps electrons in orbit around the nucleus?

    <p>Electrostatic attraction to protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which particle is responsible for the mass of an atom?

    <p>Both protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did JJ Thomson discover about electrons?

    <p>They are embedded in a positive charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atomic model represents electrons being held in specific pathways around the nucleus?

    <p>Planetary model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula of methane gas?

    <p>CH4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded to a single carbon atom in methane?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of covalent bonds as seen in hydrogen and carbon bonding in methane?

    <p>They are represented by a single line between atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the covalent bonding of methane, how are the electrons distributed?

    <p>Each hydrogen shares one pair of electrons with carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen in methane gas?

    <p>1:4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the structure of methane gas?

    <p>Carbon is the central atom surrounded by four hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In covalent bonding, what does the term 'valence shell' refer to?

    <p>The outermost shell of an atom that contains electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of electron interaction is primarily represented in the bonding of ammonia?

    <p>Covalent bonds involving shared pairs of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bonding type present in chlorine gas (Cl2)?

    <p>Covalent Bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many valence electrons does a neutral chlorine atom possess?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for chlorine gas?

    <p>Cl2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When chlorine atoms bond, what do they form?

    <p>Single Pairs of Shared Electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons are involved in a double covalent bond?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons are needed by an oxygen atom to achieve a full outer shell?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between two oxygen atoms in O2?

    <p>Double Covalent Bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element needs four additional electrons to achieve a full outer shell?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'sharing an electron' refer to in covalent bonding?

    <p>Atoms holding onto shared pairs of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the outer electrons for a neutral oxygen atom?

    <p>2, 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the concept of covalent bonding?

    <p>Gilbert Lewis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what configuration does a neutral chlorine atom arrange its electrons?

    <p>2, 8, 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element requires one more valence electron to achieve stability?

    <p>Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a straight line represent in a covalent bond diagram?

    <p>A single pair of shared electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Atomic Structure

    • Atoms are made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
    • Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom and are relatively heavy.
    • Electrons orbit the nucleus and are very light.
    • The number of protons determines the type of atom.
    • Number of protons and neutrons together determine the mass of an atom.
    • Ratio of protons to electrons determines the net charge of an atom.
    • The ratio of neutrons to protons determines the stability of an atom.
    • Isotopes are atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that have a different number of neutrons.

    Covalent Bonding

    • A covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
    • Each atom contributes one or more electrons to the shared pair.
    • Covalent bonds usually occur between non-metal atoms.
    • When atoms share electrons, they achieve a full outer shell, making them more stable.
    • A single bond is formed by one pair of electrons, a double bond by two pairs, and a triple bond by three pairs.

    Examples of Covalent Bonding

    • Chlorine Gas (Cl2): Each chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons and needs one more to achieve a full outer shell. They share one pair of electrons, forming a single covalent bond.
    • Oxygen Gas (O2): Each oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons and needs two more to achieve a full outer shell. They share two pairs of electrons, forming a double covalent bond.
    • Methane Gas (CH4): Carbon has 4 valence electrons and needs four more. Hydrogen has 1 valence electron and needs one more. Carbon shares one electron with each of the four hydrogen atoms, forming four single covalent bonds.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of atomic structure, including subatomic particles and isotopes, as well as the principles of covalent bonding. Test your knowledge on how atoms interact and bond to form stable compounds. Perfect for students studying chemistry!

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