Chemistry Concepts and Calculations

The relationship between the frequency, wavelength, and speed of light. It states that the speed of light is constant and its value is the product of frequency and wavelength.

The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency. The higher the frequency, the higher the energy of the photon.

It states that electrons will occupy orbitals in a specific order, starting from those with the lowest energy level.

This principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. This means each electron in an atom occupies a unique state.

It states that within a subshell, electrons will singly occupy each orbital before pairing up in the same orbital. This maximizes the number of unpaired spins.

A visual representation of the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals.

A shorthand representation of an atom's electron configuration, indicating the number of electrons in each orbital.

The shape of a molecule predicted by considering the repulsion between electron pairs in the valence shell.

The angle between two bonds in a molecule.

A type of chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of ions.

A bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. An example is water (H₂O).

A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule due to the gain or loss of electrons.

A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

A compound formed by the sharing of electrons between nonmetals.

A compound formed by the electrostatic attraction between a metal and a nonmetal.

In a decomposition reaction, a single reactant breaks down into two or more products. This reaction is like a house falling apart into bricks and mortar.

In a combination reaction, two or more reactants combine to form a single product. Imagine combining flour, sugar, and eggs to make a cake.

The Avogadro's number is the number of particles present in one mole of any substance. It's like a baker's dozen, but instead of a dozen, it's a huge number of particles.

The number of significant figures in a number represents the digits that are considered reliable. Think of it as the level of precision in a measurement.

Scientific notation is a way of representing very large or small numbers. It makes it easier to write and compare these numbers. Think of it as a short code for massive numbers.

An isotope is a variation of an atom of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. This results in different atomic masses.

Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. Higher electronegativity means stronger attraction to electrons.

The atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus of an atom to its outermost electron shell. Larger atoms have larger atomic radii.

Metallic properties are characteristics that tend to be present in elements that are metals. These characteristics include the ability to conduct heat and electricity, malleability and ductility.

The state of matter at room temperature can be solid, liquid or gas. At room temperature, helium is a gas, carbon is a solid, chlorine is a gas, and bromine is a liquid.

Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume. It can be calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume.

JJ Thomson is credited with discovering the electron using his cathode ray tube experiment. He observed that a beam of particles could be deflected by a magnetic field.

The Oil Drop Experiment was conducted by Robert Millikan to determine the charge of a single electron. It involved observing the movement of charged oil droplets in an electric field.

The Plum Pudding model was an early model of the atom proposed by JJ Thomson. It suggested that the atom was a positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons embedded within it.