Chemistry Concepts and Applications

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

• In Dalton's law of partial pressures, volume and temperature are the same for each gas placed in a container.

Molecular Formula of Lactic Acid

• Molecular formula of lactic acid is C₃H₆O₃.

Stoichiometry

• Stoichiometry deals with the amounts of materials consumed and products formed in a chemical reaction.
• For example, if 4.95 g of ethylene (C₂H₄) are combusted with 3.25 g of oxygen, 2.98 g of CO₂ are formed. Also, 51.1 grams of NH₃ is produced when 42 grams of N₂ react.

Physical Properties

• A physical property describes the pressure in a semi-deflated balloon.
• A physical property of matter can be observed or measured without changing its chemical composition.

Chemical Formulas

• A chemical formula is a shorthand representation of the elements in a compound.
• Chemical formula is a short-hand representation of an element in a compound.
• When balancing equations, a coefficient can be placed to the left of a formula.

Percent Yield

• The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield is known as the percent yield.

Mole Fraction

• Mole fraction is the variable in chemistry that describes the ratio of a specific gas in a mixture of gases.

Chemical Compound Names

• The common name for C₆H₁₂O₆ is glucose.
• The chemical formula for nitrous oxide is N₂O.

Pressure

• Pressure is the result of force acting on an object per unit area.

Gas Laws

• Boyle's Law: At a constant temperature, the volume of a fixed quantity of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure.
• Charles' Law: At a constant pressure, the volume of a fixed quantity of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.

Distillation

• Distillation is a process in which the components of a liquid mixture are vaporized and then condensed and separated.

Isotopes

• Isotopes of the same element have a different number of neutrons.

Radioactive Isotopes

• Radioactive isotopes produce alpha, beta, and gamma rays.

Empirical Formula

• An empirical formula gives the simplest ratio of atoms in a molecule.

Vaporization/Condensation

• Liquid mixtures are vaporized and the products are separated.

Chemical Reactions

• In chemical reactions, reactants are consumed to form products.