formal charges and resonance, Lewis Structures

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Questions and Answers

What analogy did George Wheland use to describe the relationship between resonance forms and resonance hybrids?

  • A wolf and a fox
  • A dragon and a griffin
  • A lion and a tiger
  • A rhinoceros and a unicorn (correct)

How are resonance forms and resonance hybrids related, according to the text?

  • Resonance forms are experimental entities while resonance hybrids are imaginary images.
  • Each resonance hybrid is exactly one of its resonance forms at any given time.
  • Resonance hybrids are a combination of all their resonance forms at all times.
  • Resonance hybrids have some characteristics in common with their resonance forms but are not exactly any one form at any given time. (correct)

What is the significance of the double-headed arrows between Lewis structures in resonance theory?

  • They show that the structures can interconvert rapidly. (correct)
  • They represent the movement of electrons between the structures.
  • They denote a chemical equilibrium between the different structures.
  • They indicate that the structures are equally likely to exist.

What are the brackets used for in the depiction of Lewis structures in resonance theory?

<p>To group atoms bonded to each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many resonance forms of the carbonate ion (CO3^2-) are depicted in the text?

<p>Three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when the actual arrangement of electrons in a molecule is described as an average of its resonance forms?

<p>The molecule's electron density is uniformly spread over different positions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are all three C-O bonds in the carbonate ion exactly the same despite having different resonance forms?

<p>All oxygen atoms are equivalent, and the double bond could form from any one of them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do resonance structures help us understand about molecules?

<p>The exact distribution of electrons within a molecule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In resonance theory, what does the term 'resonance' refer to?

<p>Delocalization of electrons within molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do resonance forms differ from resonance hybrids?

<p>Resonance forms have fixed electron arrangements while hybrids show electron delocalization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What analogy did George Wheland use to describe the relationship between resonance forms and resonance hybrids?

<p>Rhino and unicorn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a resonance hybrid neither of its resonance forms at any given time?

<p>It represents an average of the forms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Lewis structures of the carbonate ion, what does the position of the double bonded oxygen change between the central and right structures?

<p>Bottom to top (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many Lewis structures are shown for the carbonate ion in the text?

<p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are all three C-O bonds in the carbonate ion exactly the same despite having different resonance forms?

<p>Average of resonance forms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The carbonate ion (CO3^2-) demonstrates resonance because:

<p>It has three identical resonance structures with different arrangements of double bonded oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text compare a resonance hybrid to a rhinoceros in the analogy used by George Wheland?

<p>To highlight that a rhinoceros is a real entity like a resonance hybrid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In resonance theory, why are all three C-O bonds in the carbonate ion exactly the same?

<p>Since experiments have shown that despite different resonance forms, all bonds are equivalent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do resonance hybrids differ from their individual resonance forms?

<p>Resonance hybrids exist as an average of their resonance forms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the double-headed arrows between Lewis structures in resonance theory?

<p>To show that electrons can move freely between different positions in a molecule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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