formal charges and resonance, Lewis Structures
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Questions and Answers

What analogy did George Wheland use to describe the relationship between resonance forms and resonance hybrids?

  • A wolf and a fox
  • A dragon and a griffin
  • A lion and a tiger
  • A rhinoceros and a unicorn (correct)

    • How are resonance forms and resonance hybrids related, according to the text?

  • Resonance forms are experimental entities while resonance hybrids are imaginary images.
  • Each resonance hybrid is exactly one of its resonance forms at any given time.
  • Resonance hybrids are a combination of all their resonance forms at all times.
  • Resonance hybrids have some characteristics in common with their resonance forms but are not exactly any one form at any given time. (correct)

    • What is the significance of the double-headed arrows between Lewis structures in resonance theory?

  • They show that the structures can interconvert rapidly. (correct)
  • They represent the movement of electrons between the structures.
  • They denote a chemical equilibrium between the different structures.
  • They indicate that the structures are equally likely to exist.

    • What are the brackets used for in the depiction of Lewis structures in resonance theory?

    <p>To group atoms bonded to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many resonance forms of the carbonate ion (CO3^2-) are depicted in the text?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when the actual arrangement of electrons in a molecule is described as an average of its resonance forms?

    <p>The molecule's electron density is uniformly spread over different positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are all three C-O bonds in the carbonate ion exactly the same despite having different resonance forms?

    <p>All oxygen atoms are equivalent, and the double bond could form from any one of them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do resonance structures help us understand about molecules?

    <p>The exact distribution of electrons within a molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In resonance theory, what does the term 'resonance' refer to?

    <p>Delocalization of electrons within molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do resonance forms differ from resonance hybrids?

    <p>Resonance forms have fixed electron arrangements while hybrids show electron delocalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What analogy did George Wheland use to describe the relationship between resonance forms and resonance hybrids?

    <p>Rhino and unicorn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a resonance hybrid neither of its resonance forms at any given time?

    <p>It represents an average of the forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Lewis structures of the carbonate ion, what does the position of the double bonded oxygen change between the central and right structures?

    <p>Bottom to top</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Lewis structures are shown for the carbonate ion in the text?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are all three C-O bonds in the carbonate ion exactly the same despite having different resonance forms?

    <p>Average of resonance forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The carbonate ion (CO3^2-) demonstrates resonance because:

    <p>It has three identical resonance structures with different arrangements of double bonded oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the text compare a resonance hybrid to a rhinoceros in the analogy used by George Wheland?

    <p>To highlight that a rhinoceros is a real entity like a resonance hybrid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In resonance theory, why are all three C-O bonds in the carbonate ion exactly the same?

    <p>Since experiments have shown that despite different resonance forms, all bonds are equivalent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do resonance hybrids differ from their individual resonance forms?

    <p>Resonance hybrids exist as an average of their resonance forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the double-headed arrows between Lewis structures in resonance theory?

    <p>To show that electrons can move freely between different positions in a molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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