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Questions and Answers
What are cathode rays composed of?
What are cathode rays composed of?
- Positive particles
- Negative particles (correct)
- Photons
- Neutral particles
Who first conceived the basic principles of atomic theory?
Who first conceived the basic principles of atomic theory?
Dalton
Which compounds demonstrate the law of multiple proportions?
Which compounds demonstrate the law of multiple proportions?
- H2O and H2O2
- NaCl and NaCl2
- CO and CO2 (correct)
- CH4 and C2H6
What can neutral atoms of the same element differ in?
What can neutral atoms of the same element differ in?
What does Dalton's atomic theory state about atoms?
What does Dalton's atomic theory state about atoms?
What did Millikan's experiments determine?
What did Millikan's experiments determine?
What observation led to the discovery of the nucleus?
What observation led to the discovery of the nucleus?
What occupies most of the volume of an atom?
What occupies most of the volume of an atom?
What is the statement of the law of definite proportions?
What is the statement of the law of definite proportions?
What is referred to as a mole?
What is referred to as a mole?
What do all atoms contain?
What do all atoms contain?
What is the smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties?
What is the smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties?
What are atoms of one element that have different masses called?
What are atoms of one element that have different masses called?
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope is called its ___ number.
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope is called its ___ number.
What are the short-range attractive forces that hold nuclear particles together called?
What are the short-range attractive forces that hold nuclear particles together called?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is called its ___ number.
The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is called its ___ number.
What does the law of multiple proportions state?
What does the law of multiple proportions state?
List the two statements of Dalton's theory that were later found to be in error.
List the two statements of Dalton's theory that were later found to be in error.
What is a proton's mass number, relative charge, and location?
What is a proton's mass number, relative charge, and location?
What is a neutron's mass number, relative charge, and location?
What is a neutron's mass number, relative charge, and location?
What is an electron's mass number, relative charge, and location?
What is an electron's mass number, relative charge, and location?
What are the concepts of Dalton's atomic theory?
What are the concepts of Dalton's atomic theory?
What is molar mass and how is it related to atomic mass?
What is molar mass and how is it related to atomic mass?
Why does the atomic mass of a particular isotope differ from the average atomic mass?
Why does the atomic mass of a particular isotope differ from the average atomic mass?
How many neutrons does nickel-60 have?
How many neutrons does nickel-60 have?
What is the atomic number of carbon-14 if it has 8 neutrons?
What is the atomic number of carbon-14 if it has 8 neutrons?
How many electrons does a neutral atom of silicon-30 containing 14 protons have?
How many electrons does a neutral atom of silicon-30 containing 14 protons have?
What is the average atomic mass of oxygen based on its isotopes?
What is the average atomic mass of oxygen based on its isotopes?
What is the mass of 3.00 mol of chromium with an average atomic mass of 52.00 amu?
What is the mass of 3.00 mol of chromium with an average atomic mass of 52.00 amu?
How many moles are in a 63.60 g sample of carbon with a molar mass of 12.01 g/mol?
How many moles are in a 63.60 g sample of carbon with a molar mass of 12.01 g/mol?
How many atoms are present in a sample of nickel weighing 11.74 g?
How many atoms are present in a sample of nickel weighing 11.74 g?
How many atoms are present in exactly 2 mol of sulfur with an atomic mass of 32.06 amu?
How many atoms are present in exactly 2 mol of sulfur with an atomic mass of 32.06 amu?
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Study Notes
Cathode Rays and Atomic Structure
- Cathode rays are composed of negative particles, indicating the presence of electrons in all atoms.
- Rutherford's experiments showed a small percentage of positively charged particles were deflected, leading to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.
Atomic Theory Development
- Dalton formulated the basic principles of atomic theory, contributing to the understanding of matter.
- Dalton’s atomic theory stated that atoms cannot be created or destroyed, supporting the law of conservation of mass.
- Modern atomic theory includes refinements, such as acknowledging isotopes and subdivisions of atoms.
Atomic Composition and Isotopes
- Atoms of the same element can have different mass numbers due to the presence of isotopes.
- The mass number of an isotope is the total count of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
- Atomic number refers specifically to the number of protons in an element.
Laws of Proportions
- The law of multiple proportions is illustrated with compounds like CO and CO2.
- The law of definite proportions stipulates that the mass ratio of elements in a compound remains constant.
Measurements and Constants
- A mole contains approximately 6.022 x 10²³ particles, known as Avogadro's number.
- Molar mass represents the mass of one mole of a substance and is directly related to atomic mass.
Isotope Calculations
- Atomic mass is weighed based on the natural isotopic abundance of an element.
- For example, carbon-14 has 6 protons (atomic number) and 8 neutrons, defining its isotopic identity.
Average Atomic Mass
- Average atomic mass of elements, such as oxygen, is calculated using the natural abundances and masses of its isotopes.
- For oxygen, considering the isotopes oxygen-16, -17, and -18, the average atomic mass rounds to 15.999 amu.
Chemical Quantities and Moles
- The mass of a substance is convertible to moles, such as 63.60 g of carbon equating to approximately 5.296 moles based on its molar mass.
- The atomic mass of nickel (58.69 amu) relates to its sample size of 11.74 g, indicating it contains roughly 1.205 x 10²³ cations.
Conclusion on Atomic Structure
- A neutral atom maintains equal numbers of protons and electrons, influencing its overall charge.
- The study of atomic structure emphasizes the importance of protons, neutrons, and electrons in defining the properties of elements and compounds.
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