Chemistry Chapter Test B Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are cathode rays composed of?

Positive particles

Negative particles (correct)

Photons

Neutral particles

Who first conceived the basic principles of atomic theory?

Dalton

Which compounds demonstrate the law of multiple proportions?

H2O and H2O2

NaCl and NaCl2

CO and CO2 (correct)

CH4 and C2H6

What can neutral atoms of the same element differ in?

Mass number Signup and view all the answers

What does Dalton's atomic theory state about atoms?

Cannot be created or destroyed Signup and view all the answers

What did Millikan's experiments determine?

Approximate value of the electron's mass Signup and view all the answers

What observation led to the discovery of the nucleus?

Positively charged particles were slightly deflected Signup and view all the answers

What occupies most of the volume of an atom?

Electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the statement of the law of definite proportions?

Ratio of mass of B to mass of A is the same Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as a mole?

Amount of substance containing $6.022 imes 10^{23}$ particles Signup and view all the answers

What do all atoms contain?

Electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties?

Atom Signup and view all the answers

What are atoms of one element that have different masses called?

Isotopes Signup and view all the answers

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an isotope is called its ___ number.

Mass Signup and view all the answers

What are the short-range attractive forces that hold nuclear particles together called?

Strong nuclear force Signup and view all the answers

The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is called its ___ number.

Atomic Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of multiple proportions state?

Ratio of masses of B is a ratio of small whole numbers Signup and view all the answers

List the two statements of Dalton's theory that were later found to be in error.

All atoms of the same element have the same mass; atoms cannot be subdivided Signup and view all the answers

What is a proton's mass number, relative charge, and location?

1; 1+; in the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutron's mass number, relative charge, and location?

1; 0; in the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is an electron's mass number, relative charge, and location?

0; 1-; outside the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What are the concepts of Dalton's atomic theory?

All matter is composed of atoms... Signup and view all the answers

What is molar mass and how is it related to atomic mass?

Mass of one mole containing $6.022137 imes 10^{23}$ particles. Signup and view all the answers

Why does the atomic mass of a particular isotope differ from the average atomic mass?

Isotope's relative mass is compared to carbon-12. Signup and view all the answers

How many neutrons does nickel-60 have?

32 Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of carbon-14 if it has 8 neutrons?

6 Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons does a neutral atom of silicon-30 containing 14 protons have?

14 Signup and view all the answers

What is the average atomic mass of oxygen based on its isotopes?

15.999 Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass of 3.00 mol of chromium with an average atomic mass of 52.00 amu?

156.9 Signup and view all the answers

How many moles are in a 63.60 g sample of carbon with a molar mass of 12.01 g/mol?

5.296 Signup and view all the answers

How many atoms are present in a sample of nickel weighing 11.74 g?

1.205 x 10^23 cations Signup and view all the answers

How many atoms are present in exactly 2 mol of sulfur with an atomic mass of 32.06 amu?

1.204 x 10^24 atoms Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cathode Rays and Atomic Structure

Cathode rays are composed of negative particles, indicating the presence of electrons in all atoms.
Rutherford's experiments showed a small percentage of positively charged particles were deflected, leading to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.

Atomic Theory Development

Dalton formulated the basic principles of atomic theory, contributing to the understanding of matter.
Dalton’s atomic theory stated that atoms cannot be created or destroyed, supporting the law of conservation of mass.
Modern atomic theory includes refinements, such as acknowledging isotopes and subdivisions of atoms.

Atomic Composition and Isotopes

Atoms of the same element can have different mass numbers due to the presence of isotopes.
The mass number of an isotope is the total count of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Atomic number refers specifically to the number of protons in an element.

Laws of Proportions

The law of multiple proportions is illustrated with compounds like CO and CO2.
The law of definite proportions stipulates that the mass ratio of elements in a compound remains constant.

Measurements and Constants

A mole contains approximately 6.022 x 10²³ particles, known as Avogadro's number.
Molar mass represents the mass of one mole of a substance and is directly related to atomic mass.

Isotope Calculations

Atomic mass is weighed based on the natural isotopic abundance of an element.
For example, carbon-14 has 6 protons (atomic number) and 8 neutrons, defining its isotopic identity.

Average Atomic Mass

Average atomic mass of elements, such as oxygen, is calculated using the natural abundances and masses of its isotopes.
For oxygen, considering the isotopes oxygen-16, -17, and -18, the average atomic mass rounds to 15.999 amu.

Chemical Quantities and Moles

The mass of a substance is convertible to moles, such as 63.60 g of carbon equating to approximately 5.296 moles based on its molar mass.
The atomic mass of nickel (58.69 amu) relates to its sample size of 11.74 g, indicating it contains roughly 1.205 x 10²³ cations.

Conclusion on Atomic Structure

A neutral atom maintains equal numbers of protons and electrons, influencing its overall charge.
The study of atomic structure emphasizes the importance of protons, neutrons, and electrons in defining the properties of elements and compounds.

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Description

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from Chapter Test B in Chemistry, including the behavior of cathode rays, atomic theory, and the law of multiple proportions. Test your knowledge on important definitions and principles with these concise cards. Perfect for review and quick learning.