Chemistry Chapter on Solubility Factors
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Questions and Answers

What are the factors that affect solubility?

Temperature and pressure.

Explain temperature when talking about solubility.

The solubility of most solid substances increases as the temperature of the solvent increases.

Explain pressure when talking about solubility.

Changes in pressure have little effect on the solubility of solids and liquids, but strongly affect the solubility of gases.

How is gas solubility affected?

<p>It increases as the partial pressure of the gas above the solution increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a method of expressing the concentration of a solution?

<p>Molarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is molarity?

<p>Moles of solute per liter of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given amount of solvent?

<p>Concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution that contains a small amount of solute?

<p>Dilute solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution that contains a large amount of solute?

<p>Concentrated solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does diluting a solution do to the moles and volume?

<p>It reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume, but the number of moles of solute remains the same.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are homogeneous mixtures that can be solids, liquids, or gases?

<p>Solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the material that is dissolved?

<p>Solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the material that does the dissolving?

<p>Solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the universal solvent?

<p>Water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether or not a solute will dissolve?

<p>The composition of the solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the dissolving process, what occurs at the surface of the crystals that are being dissolved?

<p>Stirring (agitation).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does stirring speed up the dissolution process?

<p>Because fresh solvent is continually brought into contact with the surface of the solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at a particular temperature is called ___.

<p>solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if two substances are miscible?

<p>They dissolve in all proportions in each other; mixable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if two substances are immiscible?

<p>Liquids that are insoluble in each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a saturated solution?

<p>Contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent for a particular temperature; the solute and solvent are in equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an unsaturated solution?

<p>A solution that can dissolve more solute at a given temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a supersaturated solution?

<p>A solution that contains more solute than it can dissolve at a given temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the crystallization of a supersaturated solution be initiated?

<p>If a very small crystal called a seed crystal of solute is added.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a colligative property?

<p>A property that depends upon the number of solute particles and not their identity; extensive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vapor pressure?

<p>The pressure exerted by a vapor that is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A solution that contains a solute that is non-volatile always has?

<p>A lower vapor pressure than the pure solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is freezing point depression?

<p>The difference point between the freezing point of the pure solvent and the freezing point of a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The freezing point of a solution is ___ than the freezing point of the pure solvent.

<p>Lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is boiling point elevation?

<p>The difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of a pure solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase equals atmospheric pressure?

<p>Boiling point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Factors Affecting Solubility

  • Solubility is influenced by temperature and pressure.

Temperature's Effect

  • For most solids, solubility increases as the temperature of the solvent rises.

Pressure's Effect

  • Changes in pressure minimally impact solid and liquid solubility but significantly affect gas solubility.

Gas Solubility

  • Gas solubility rises with increased partial pressure of the gas above the solution.

Concentration Measurement

  • Molarity is used to express solution concentration, calculated as moles of solute per liter of solution.

Definition of Concentration

  • Concentration measures the amount of solute dissolved in a specific quantity of solvent.

Solution Types

  • Dilute solutions contain a small amount of solute; concentrated solutions have a large amount of solute.

Effect of Dilution

  • Diluting a solution reduces the solute's moles per unit volume, while the total number of solute moles remains constant.

Characteristics of Solutions

  • Solutions are homogeneous mixtures that can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states.

Components of a Solution

  • A solute is the material being dissolved, while the solvent is the material that does the dissolving.

Universal Solvent

  • Water is known as the universal solvent due to its ability to dissolve many substances.

Solutes and Solubility

  • The nature and composition of a solute determine its ability to dissolve.

Role of Stirring

  • Stirring, or agitation, enhances dissolving by bringing fresh solvent into contact with the solute surface.

Techniques to Increase Solubility

  • Stirring promotes dissolving by exposing solute to solvent.
  • Increased temperature boosts solubility as solvent particles gain kinetic energy.
  • Smaller particle size increases surface area, allowing more solute to dissolve.

Solubility Definition

  • Solubility quantifies how much solute dissolves in a specific solvent quantity at a given temperature.

Miscibility

  • Miscible substances dissolve in all proportions; immiscible substances do not mix.

Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions

  • Saturated solutions contain the maximum solute that can dissolve at a specific temperature, achieving equilibrium.
  • Unsaturated solutions can still dissolve more solute at the given temperature.
  • Supersaturated solutions hold more solute than can typically dissolve.

Crystallization in Supersaturated Solutions

  • Crystallization can be triggered by adding a small seed crystal of the solute.

Colligative Properties

  • Properties that depend on the number of solute particles rather than their identity are called colligative properties.

Vapor Pressure

  • Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by vapor in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.

Vapor Pressure of Solutions

  • Solutions with nonvolatile solutes exhibit lower vapor pressures than the pure solvent.

Freezing Point and Boiling Point Changes

  • Freezing point depression refers to the difference between the pure solvent's freezing point and the solution's freezing point.
  • The freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.
  • Boiling point elevation is the difference in boiling points between a solution and the pure solvent.

Boiling Point

  • Boiling point is reached when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals atmospheric pressure.

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Description

This quiz explores the factors affecting solubility, including the roles of temperature, pressure, and concentration in different types of solutions. Test your knowledge on how gases dissolve in liquids and the concept of molarity. Challenge yourself on the nuances of dilute and concentrated solutions as well as dilution effects.

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