Chemistry Chapter on Mass and Energy

Law of Conservation of Mass

• Total mass of reactants before reaction equals total mass of products after reaction.

Chemical Reaction

• Atoms rearrange to form new substances.
• Same as chemical change.

Natural Materials

• Obtained from plants, animals, or Earth.
• Undergo little to no modification.

Synthetic Materials

• Made from natural materials.
• Undergo chemical reactions in labs or factories.

Law of Conservation of Energy

• Total energy remains constant.
• Energy is transferred, not created or destroyed.
• Constant transfer between bonds and surroundings.

Precipitate

• Formation of a new solid as a product of a chemical reaction.

By-Product

• Secondary product from manufacturing or a chemical reaction.

Chemical Change

• Substances change into different substances.
• Different chemical/physical properties.

Potential Energy

• Energy released when atoms form chemical bonds.

Property

• Observable characteristics of matter.
• Observed when matter changes identity.

Reaction

• Atoms rearrange to form new substances.

Physical Property

• Characteristic of matter, observed/measured without changing identity.

Coefficient

• Numbers in front of elements/chemical formulas in equations.

Endothermic Reaction

• More energy needed to break reactant bonds than released when products form.

Exothermic Reaction

• More energy released when products form than needed to break reactant bonds.

Flammability

• Ability of matter to burn easily.

Oxidation

• Substance reacts with oxidizing agents, changing to a new substance.

Reactivity

• Substance reacts with another, changing to a new substance.

Density

• Mass per unit volume of a substance.

Mass

• Amount of matter in an object.

Volume

• Amount of space a substance occupies.

Material

• Matter from which a substance is made.

Product

• Substance formed by a chemical reaction.

Reactant

• Starting substance in a chemical reaction.

Technology

• Practical use of scientific knowledge, especially in industry or commerce.

Subatomic Particles

• Parts within an atom (protons, neutrons, electrons).

Nucleus

• Center of atom, contains protons and neutrons.

Electron Cloud

• Outer part of atom, surrounds nucleus, contains electrons.

Ion

• Atom with a positive (+) or negative (-) charge.

Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

• Measurement of mass for 1 proton (1.7 x 10-24 g).

Chemical Formula

• Symbols & numbers representing elements and atoms in a compound (e.g., C6H12O6).

Compound

• Two or more elements bonded together (e.g., H2O). Not single elements (e.g., O2).

Meniscus

• Curved surface of a liquid in a container, used to measure volume accurately.

Displacement

• Change in liquid volume due to adding an object.

Signs of Chemical Reactions

• Odor change (gas formation)
• Energy change (light, temperature, sound)
• Unexpected color change
• Gas formation (bubbles, fizz)
• Formation of new solid (precipitate)

Physical vs. Chemical Properties/Changes

• Physical properties identified without changing substance identity. Chemical properties require a reaction & change in identity.

Bond Formation/Breaking in Chemical Reactions

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Balancing Chemical Equations

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Reading Chemical Formulas

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Products vs. Reactants in Equations

• Products are formed. Reactants are starting materials.

Endothermic/Exothermic Reactions

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Law of Conservation of Mass/Matter

• Matter is neither created nor destroyed.

Law of Conservation of Energy

• Energy is neither created nor destroyed.

Natural vs. Synthetic Materials

• Natural materials are directly from nature.
• Synthetic materials are chemically altered from natural material.
• Natural materials: generally simpler impact.
• Synthetic materials: potential for greater impacts due to altered composition and complexity.

Explore the fundamental principles of chemistry, focusing on the Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy. This quiz covers chemical reactions, properties of materials, and the concepts of precipitate and by-product. Test your knowledge on how energy is transferred in chemical processes.