Chemistry Chapter on Ions and Bonds

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Questions and Answers

Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges are called?

ions

In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?

ionic

What is the result of sodium giving an electron to chlorine?

a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion

An ionic bond involves _____?

an attraction between ions of opposite charge Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen bonding is most often seen when?

hydrogen is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?

covalent Signup and view all the answers

This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s).

4 Signup and view all the answers

A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms.

double covalent Signup and view all the answers

The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.

2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?

The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?

the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass number of an ion with 109 electrons, 158 neutrons, and a +1 charge?

268 Signup and view all the answers

What happens when two atoms form a chemical bond?

Atoms share or transfer electrons to achieve stability. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term electron orbital describe?

An electron orbital describes a three-dimensional space where an electron can be found 90% of the time. Signup and view all the answers

What name is given to the bond between water molecules?

hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true of all atoms that are anions?

The atom has more electrons than protons. Signup and view all the answers

The reactivity of an atom arises from?

the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell. Signup and view all the answers

An ionic bond is formed when _____?

one atom transfers an electron to another atom. Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water allows dogs to cool themselves by panting?

water's high heat of vaporization Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?

6 Signup and view all the answers

Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?

These atoms are isotopes. Signup and view all the answers

Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?

10 Signup and view all the answers

An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?

5 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bonds can form between atoms of equal electronegativity?

Van der Waals interactions can form between atoms of equal electronegativity. Signup and view all the answers

The atomic number of sulfur is 16. Predict the molecular formula of the compound formed when sulfur combines with hydrogen by covalent bonding.

H2S Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about weak bonds is correct?

Weak bonds are transient and easily reversible. Signup and view all the answers

A carbon atom and a hydrogen atom form what type of bond in a molecule?

nonpolar covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

Water is a source of ______________ for chemical reactions in cells.

hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true of water's tensile strength?

It results from hydrogen bonding. It helps to pull water through plants. It involves both cohesion and adhesion. Signup and view all the answers

Water has surface tension because...

hydrogen bonds between surface water molecules resist being stretched. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why water has a high specific heat?

A water molecule can make 4 hydrogen bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which property of water molecules allows an animal to cool itself by sweating?

Molecules collide with varied angles and speeds. Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak. Water has more energy at the body surface. Signup and view all the answers

Though you add heat, the temperature of boiling water remains constant because?

it takes energy to break hydrogen bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement helps to explain why ice is less dense than liquid water?

Water molecules make hydrogen bonds at definite angles. Cold molecules move less than warm molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Why doesn't oil mix with water?

Polar molecules attract one another. Signup and view all the answers

The type of bonding and the numbers of covalent bonds an atom can form with other atoms is determined by _____?

the number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?

single (nonpolar) covalent Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ions and Ionic Bonds

Ions are atoms with the same number of protons but different electrical charges.
An ionic bond is formed between sodium and chlorine, involving the transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine.
The result is a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ion.
Ionic bonds arise from the attraction between ions of opposite charges.

Hydrogen Bonds and Water Properties

Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydrogen is covalently bonded to electronegative atoms, mainly seen in water.
Water exhibits adhesion (clinging to surfaces) and cohesion (attraction between water molecules), contributing to surface tension.
Water's high specific heat is due to hydrogen bonds, requiring more heat to increase its temperature compared to other substances like ethyl alcohol.
Water can absorb substantial heat energy without a significant rise in temperature, making it effective for temperature regulation in organisms.

Atomic Structure and Bonding

A covalent bond joins two hydrogen atoms, sharing electrons.
Atoms can form a maximum of four single covalent bonds if they have four electrons in their outer shell.
Double covalent bonds occur when two atoms share four electrons, as seen between oxygen atoms.
The innermost electron shell can hold up to two electrons; the outermost shell determines an atom’s reactivity.

Charges and Isotopes

An uncharged atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons.
The existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell dictates the chemical reactivity of an atom.
Anions are atoms with more electrons than protons, while isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to differing neutron counts.

Specific Element Details

Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 and an atomic mass of 19, meaning it has 10 neutrons.
Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7; an uncharged atom of this element has 7 protons and 7 electrons.
In constructing molecular compounds, sulfur can bond with hydrogen, leading to the formula H2S, as sulfur has six valence electrons.

Water and its Unique Properties

Water has a high heat of vaporization, allowing evaporation and cooling processes, essential for biological thermoregulation.
The tensile strength of water results from hydrogen bonding, facilitating water transport in plants through cohesion and adhesion mechanisms.
Ice is less dense than liquid water due to the structured hydrogen bonds formed at lower temperatures, causing unique behaviors like floating on water.
Nonpolar characteristics of substances like oil prevent them from mixing with polar water, due to the attraction forces between polar molecules.

Subatomic Particles and Bonding

Protons and neutrons each have a mass of approximately 1 amu; electrons have a negligible mass (about 5.5×10−4 amu).
The type and number of covalent bonds an atom can form are also determined by the unpaired electrons present in its valence shell.
Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of bonds, impacting the molecular structure and energy transformations in substances.

Summary of Chemical Bonds

Nonpolar covalent bonds occur when atoms of equal electronegativity, while weak interactions can also exist.
Water's high specific heat, surface tension, and evaporative cooling contribute significantly to its role in biological systems, affecting metabolism and homeostasis.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of ions, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds within the context of chemistry. Understand how these interactions shape water's unique properties and its significance in biological systems. This quiz covers essential topics that are crucial for a solid foundation in chemistry.