Chemistry Chapter on Acids and Bases

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of acids in terms of pH?

They have pH values below 7. (correct)

They have pH values of 7 or higher.

They have variable pH values depending on concentration.

They have pH values equal to 14.

Which of the following correctly describes a strong base?

A substance that produces no hydroxyl ions in solution.

A neutral compound that does not affect pH.

A substance that only partially dissociates in water to form OH- ions.

A substance that dissociates almost completely to form OH- ions. (correct)

What ions are formed when acids are added to water?

Carbonate ions (CO3^2-)

Hydroxyl ions (OH-)

Hydrogen ions (H+) (correct)

Sulfate ions (SO4^2-)

In the reaction of an acid with a metal, what is produced alongside the salt?

Hydrogen gas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the criss-cross method is true?

The absolute values of the charges of ions are swapped to create subscripts. Signup and view all the answers

Acids can neutralize bases forming which two products?

Salt and water Signup and view all the answers

What is an acidic salt?

A salt produced from a diprotic or polyprotic acid's partial neutralization. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a weak base?

Zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2) Signup and view all the answers

What is common about acid salts?

They have an ionizable H+ ion as part of their composition. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a basic salt?

It produces a basic solution upon hydrolysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of double salts?

They include more than one cation or anion in a single lattice. Signup and view all the answers

What is a mixed salt?

A salt made up of a fixed proportion of two similar salts. Signup and view all the answers

What does the molecular formula of a salt represent?

The types and numbers of atoms present in the salt. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes color variations in natural salt crystals?

The presence of impurities and minerals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding the appearance of solid salts?

Polycrystalline aggregates tend to look like white powders. Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular mass of sodium chloride (NaCl)?

Approximately 58.44 g/mol. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes polar molecules in terms of charge distribution?

They have distinct positive and negative ends. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding solubility?

Polar substances dissolve well in other polar substances. Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation results in a codon that produces the same amino acid despite a nucleotide change?

Silent Mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct calculation for the molecular mass of water (H₂O)?

(1 × 2) + 16 = 18 amu Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation leads to a codon producing a 'stop' command?

Nonsense Mutation Signup and view all the answers

How is molar mass defined?

The mass of one mole of a substance. Signup and view all the answers

An inversion mutation results in what specific alteration within a chromosome?

Reversal of gene order Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of an insertion mutation?

Insertion of genes into a non-homologous chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of Avogadro's number?

6.022 × 10²³ Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of large scale mutations?

They involve entire genes or sets of genes. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a result of static discharge?

Abrupt movement of electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic mass of hydrogen, as used in molar mass calculations?

1.01 g/mol Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis are large scale mutations like translocation most likely to occur?

Prophase I Signup and view all the answers

Which type of materials are MOST likely to build up static electricity?

Insulators like plastics Signup and view all the answers

Which molecular characteristic does not influence boiling points?

Type of solvent Signup and view all the answers

To calculate the molecular mass of CO₂, what is the first step?

Identify the chemical formula. Signup and view all the answers

How do missense mutations impact protein function?

They can lead to a different amino acid, affecting function. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of charge imbalance, what role do loosely bound electrons in conductors play?

They facilitate the flow of electrons easily Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the removal of a nucleotide have on a gene?

It can alter all subsequent codons after the mutation. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when one charged body comes into contact with another body?

Mobile electrons move to restore neutrality Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a lightning conductor?

To provide a safe path for electrical discharge Signup and view all the answers

How does static electricity differ from regular electric flow?

Static electricity occurs only in insulators Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes charge separation in clouds?

Circulation of water droplets and ice particles Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens when a person touches a metal doorknob after walking across a rug?

Electrons from the rug jump to the person's hand Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acids

Acids have a pH value below 7.
Acids have a sour taste (when edible) and are corrosive.
Acids neutralize bases, forming salt and water.
Acids release positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, making the solution acidic.
Example of acid dissociation: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates into H+ and Cl- ions when dissolved in water.

Bases

Bases form hydroxide (OH-) ions.
Strong bases dissociate almost completely in water, releasing OH- ions.
Example of strong bases: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium hydroxide (KOH).
Weak bases dissociate partially in water, producing OH- ions.
Example of weak bases: Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and Zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)2).

Typical Reactions of Acids

Acids react with metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series.
Reaction of acids with metals forms salt and hydrogen gas.
The salt formed depends on the anion in the acid.

Criss Cross Method

Used to write chemical formulas of ionic compounds.
Follows a step-by-step process to determine the subscripts for each element.
Example: Sodium (Na) with a +1 charge and Chloride (Cl) with a -1 charge, using the criss-cross method results in the formula NaCl.

Types of Salts

Acidic Salts: Formed by partial neutralization of a diprotic or polyprotic acid.
Basic (or Alkali) Salts: Formed by partial neutralization of a weak acid by a strong base.
Double Salts: Contain multiple cations or anions.
Mixed Salts: Contain a fixed proportion of two salts, often with a shared cation or anion.

Physical Properties of Salts

Compound Name: A common name, often reflecting the constituent ions or source.
Molecular Formula: Shows the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule.
Molecular Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance in grams per mole (g/mol).
- Example: Molecular Mass for NaCl is calculated from the atomic masses of sodium and chlorine.
Color: Pure salts are colorless, but natural salts can have color variations due to impurities.
Appearance: Solid salts, such as sodium chloride, have a translucent appearance.

Polarity of Molecules

Determines how substances interact with each other.
Polar molecules have uneven charge distribution, giving them distinct positive and negative ends.
Nonpolar molecules have even charge distribution and no distinct charged ends.
Polarity impacts solubility, boiling points, and chemical reactions.

Molecular Mass

The total mass of all atoms in a molecule.
Calculated by adding the atomic masses of each atom in the molecule.
Measured in atomic mass units (amu or u).

Mole

The amount of substance containing 6.02214076 × 1023 elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions).
Called Avogadro's constant (NA).

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
Represents the mass of 6.022 × 1023 molecules or atoms of that substance.

Static Electricity

Occurs when two or more bodies come into contact and separate, resulting in a charge imbalance.
Involves the transfer of electrons between materials.
Static electricity is most likely to occur when one material is an insulator.
Examples: Walking across a carpet, rubbing a balloon on your hair.

Lightning

A large-scale example of static discharge.
Charge imbalance in clouds is neutralized by a massive electrical discharge (spark).

Lightning conductor

A metal rod placed on top of a building to protect it from lightning strikes.
The conductor is struck by lightning, diverting the charge away from the building.

Small-Scale Mutations

Involve changes to the DNA sequence, affecting single nucleotides or codons.

Silent Mutations

A nucleotide substitution that does not change the amino acid sequence.

Missense Mutations

A nucleotide substitution that results in a different amino acid, potentially altering the protein's function.

Nonsense Mutations

A nucleotide substitution that creates a stop codon, truncating the protein and usually leading to loss of function.

Large-Scale Mutations

Affect entire portions of chromosomes.
Can involve single chromosomes or multiple chromosomes.

Inversion

A complete reversal of one or more genes within a chromosome.

Insertion

One or more genes are removed from one chromosome and inserted into another.

Translocation

Chromosomes swap one or more genes with another chromosome.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential properties and reactions of acids and bases, including their pH values, taste, and chemical behavior. Explore key concepts like acid dissociation and the criss cross method for writing chemical formulas. Test your knowledge on strong and weak bases as well as typical reactions of acids with metals.