Chemistry Chapter on Acids and Bases

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is classified as a strong base?

CaCO3

C5H5N

NH3

LiOH (correct)

What property distinguishes a strong base from a weak base?

Ability to ionize completely in solution (correct)

Color change in litmus test

Molecular weight

Presence of OH– ions

Which of these acids is considered a strong acid?

CH3COOH

HBr (correct)

H2CO3

HClO

Which of the following substances would be classified as a weak base?

NH3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate choice for maintaining pH stability in a solution?

Buffer solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a strong acid according to its ionization?

HNO3 Signup and view all the answers

In a buffer solution, what is the principal role of weak acids?

To absorb excess hydroxide ions Signup and view all the answers

Which strong base is paired with one commonly used in medical applications?

NaOH Signup and view all the answers

How are buffer solutions relevant in medical applications?

Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about conjugate acid-base pairs is true?

A conjugate base is formed when the conjugate acid donates a proton. Signup and view all the answers

In the equilibrium reaction NH2− + H2O ⇌ NH3 + OH−, which species acts as the conjugate acid?

NH3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a buffer solution on pH stability?

Buffers can resist changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acids or bases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a factor that affects buffer capacity?

The concentration of the acidic and basic components in the buffer. Signup and view all the answers

How are weak acids characterized compared to strong acids?

Weak acids only partially dissociate in solution. Signup and view all the answers

Which application in medicine relies on buffer solutions?

Creating pH-neutral environments for biological reactions. Signup and view all the answers

In buffer solutions, what role does the conjugate base play?

It is responsible for neutralizing excess acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs represents a conjugate acid-base pair?

NH3 and NH4+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an indicator in a titration?

It provides a color change to indicate completion of the reaction. Signup and view all the answers

How do weak acids differ from strong acids in a chemical reaction?

Weak acids partially ionize in solution. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pH of a solution when a strong acid is added?

The pH decreases significantly. Signup and view all the answers

Which indicator is best for detecting a weak acid and strong base reaction?

Phenolphthalein Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal function of buffers in a biological system?

To maintain a stable pH. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'buffer capacity' refer to?

The ability of a buffer to resist changes in pH. Signup and view all the answers

In what situation might a weak acid be used in medical applications?

To lower the risk of enzyme denaturation. Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of acid and base is most likely to reach completion in a titration?

Strong acid and strong base Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter Overview

Acids and bases are common substances found in many everyday items.
The chapter explores the properties of acids and bases and their chemical nature.
It covers pH and how to calculate the pH of a solution.

Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies

Sour Patch Kids are a candy with a coating of invert sugar and sour sugar.
Sour sugar is made from citric or tartaric acid and sugar.
Eating large amounts of sour sugar can irritate the tongue and cause irreversible dental erosion.

Acids - Properties and Examples

Acids are common in foods like citrus fruits.
Aqueous solutions of acids conduct electrical current (electrolytes).
Acids have a sour taste.
Acids change the color of acid-base indicators (e.g., litmus).
Acids react with active metals to produce hydrogen gas.
Acids react with bases to produce a salt and water (neutralization).

Bases - Properties and Examples

Bases are less commonly used as food, but are present in household products.
Aqueous solutions of bases are electrolytes.
Bases often have a bitter taste and are slippery to the touch.
Bases change the color of acid-base indicators (e.g., litmus).
Bases do not react with metals in the same way acids do.
Bases react with acids to produce a salt and water (neutralization).

Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases

Arrhenius acids: Produce H⁺ ions in solution.
Arrhenius bases: Produce OH⁻ ions in solution.
Brønsted-Lowry acids: Donate a proton (H⁺).
Brønsted-Lowry bases: Accept a proton (H⁺).
Conjugate acid-base pairs: Related by the gain or loss of a proton.

Reactions of Acids and Bases

Neutralization reactions: When acids and bases combine, water and a salt are produced.
Acid reactions with metals: Produce a salt and hydrogen gas.
Base reactions with metals: Produce a salt and hydrogen gas (Some bases may also require water).

Acid-Base Titration

Titration: A process to determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
Standard solution: A solution with a known concentration used in the titration.
Indicator: A substance that changes color at the equivalence point (or endpoint).
Equivalence point: The point where the acid and base have completely neutralized each other.

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

Strong acids/bases: Completely ionize in solution.
Weak acids/bases: Partially ionize in solution.
Strong acids, bases are listed on table.
Weak acids and bases are any other compounds.
Salts of weak acids or bases can affect the acidity or basicity of their aqueous solutions.

Water - Acid and Base in One

Autoionization of water: Water molecules can act as both acids and bases.
H2O + H2O → H3O⁺ + OH⁻
Ion Product Constant (Kw): [H₃O⁺][OH⁻] = 1 x 10⁻¹⁴ at 25°C.

The pH and pOH Scales

pH: A logarithmic scale used to express the concentration of hydronium ions.
pOH: A logarithmic scale used to express the concentration of hydroxide ions.
pH = -log[H₃O⁺]
pOH = -log[OH⁻]

Buffers - Solutions that Resist pH Change

Buffer: A solution that resists changes in pH when acid or base is added.
Buffers contain a weak acid/base and its conjugate base/acid.
Buffers prevent drastic pH changes.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the properties and examples of acids and bases as covered in the chemistry chapter. It includes the characteristics of pH, how to calculate it, and practical applications in everyday life. Test your understanding of these fundamental chemical concepts.