Chemistry Chapter: Metal Reactivity and Equilibria
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following metals reacts with cold water to form a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas?

  • Iron
  • Gold
  • Potassium (correct)
  • Copper

Gold is considered a very reactive metal.

False (B)

What product is formed when a reactive metal reacts with an acid?

Salt and hydrogen gas

The reaction of a metal with oxygen produces a __________.

<p>metal oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following metals with their reactivity:

<p>Potassium = Very reactive Iron = Reactive Gold = Not reactive Aluminum = Fairly reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method involves plants absorbing metal compounds through their roots?

<p>Phytoextraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The less reactive a metal is, the more resistant it is to oxidation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmentally harmful activity is associated with mining ores?

<p>Creating large quarries that produce noise pollution and dust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria produce solutions called _______ that contain absorbed metal compounds.

<p>leachates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the extraction methods with their descriptions:

<p>Bacterial extraction = Involves bacteria producing leachates containing metals Phytoextraction = Utilizes plants to absorb metals through roots Electrolysis = A technique used for extracting metals that react with carbon Recycling = Reduces the energy required to produce new metals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of recycling metals?

<p>It helps save valuable raw materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Life cycle assessment (LTA) is a strictly objective process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between a metal's resistance to oxidation and its position in the reactivity series?

<p>A metal's resistance to oxidation increases as its reactivity decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Extracting and processing raw materials, manufacturing and packaging, use and ______, and disposal are stages considered in a life cycle assessment.

<p>operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one negative environmental impact of mining?

<p>Production of large quarries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals can be extracted from their oxides by reduction with carbon?

<p>Zinc (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxidation is defined as the gain of electrons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two metals that are found in the reactivity series and are more reactive than hydrogen.

<p>Potassium, Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process where a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from a compound is known as __________.

<p>displacement reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following metals with their extraction method:

<p>Iron = Reduction with Carbon Aluminium = Electrolysis Copper = Reduction with Carbon Gold = Natural Occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to more reactive metals during displacement reactions?

<p>They lose electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Less reactive metals undergo oxidation when displaced in a chemical reaction.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to extract metals that are more reactive than carbon?

<p>Electrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a reactivity series, a more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its __________.

<p>compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following reactions with their descriptions:

<p>2Fe2O3 + 3C -&gt; 4Fe + 3CO2 = Reduction of iron oxide Metal + Acid -&gt; Salt + Hydrogen = Displacement reaction Metal + Water -&gt; Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen = Reaction with water Oxidation = Loss of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metal is considered very unreactive and is often found in its natural form in the Earth's crust?

<p>Gold (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrolysis is a cheap method for extracting metals from their ores.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when a more reactive metal oxidizes?

<p>Cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxidation is the __________ of oxygen, while reduction is the __________ of oxygen.

<p>gain, loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Oxidation = Loss of electrons or gain of oxygen Reduction = Gain of electrons or loss of oxygen Reactivity = Tendency of a metal to form positive ions Displacement Reaction = More reactive metal replaces a less reactive metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Reactivity of metals with water

Metals react with cold water to produce a metal hydroxide (an alkaline solution) and hydrogen gas. For example, potassium reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas: 2K + 2H2O -> 2KOH + H2.

Reactivity of metals with acids

Fairly reactive metals react with acids to produce a salt and hydrogen gas. For example, zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and hydrogen gas: Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2

Reactivity of metals with oxygen

Almost all metals react with oxygen to form a metal oxide. More reactive metals react with oxygen more quickly.

Gold's special reactivity

Gold is the only metal that does not react with water, acids, or oxygen. This is because it is extremely unreactive.

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Deduction of relative reactivity of metals

The reactivity of metals can be determined by observing their reactions with water, acids, and oxygen. Metals that react with cold water are very reactive, while those that only react with acids are more reactive, and those that react with oxygen are not as reactive.

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Electrolysis Extraction

Metals that are highly reactive with carbon can be extracted through electrolysis, a process where an electric current is used to break down the metal compound.

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Phytoextraction

Some plants absorb metal compounds from the soil through their roots and concentrate these compounds in their shoots and leaves. Burning these plants produces ash that contains the metal compounds.

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Bacterial Extraction

Certain bacteria absorb metal compounds and release them in solutions called leachates. These leachates can then be processed to extract the metals.

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Metal Reactivity and Oxidation

A metal's resistance to oxidation is directly related to its tendency to lose electrons and form positive ions. Less reactive metals are more resistant to oxidation, as they hold onto their electrons more tightly.

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Why is Metal Recycling Important?

Recycling metals is essential for sustainable development because it requires less energy than extracting new metals from ores. It also minimizes environmental damage caused by mining.

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact of a product across its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal.

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Life Cycle Assessment Stages

LCA assesses the environmental impact of a product at each stage of its life cycle, including obtaining raw materials, manufacturing, use, and disposal.

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LCA Considerations

LCA considers the use and impact of resources such as water, energy, and the generation of waste at each stage of a product's life cycle.

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LCA Challenges

While some aspects of LCA like resource usage are quantifiable, assigning numerical values to pollutant effects is more subjective and requires judgment calls.

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LCA Misuse

Selective or abbreviated LCAs can be used to evaluate products, but they can be misused, especially in advertising to promote specific claims.

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Reactivity of a metal

A measure of how readily a metal loses electrons to form positive ions.

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Reactivity series

A list of metals arranged in order of decreasing reactivity.

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Displacement reactions

A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from a compound in a solution.

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Redox reactions in metal displacement

A more reactive metal loses electrons and forms a positive ion (oxidation). A less reactive metal gains electrons and forms an atom (reduction).

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Oxidation

The process of gaining oxygen.

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Reduction

The process of losing oxygen.

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Occurrence of metals

Most metals are found as compounds (ores) in the Earth's crust. Unreactive metals are found in their native (pure) form.

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Extraction of metals using carbon

The process of extracting a metal from its ore using heat and carbon.

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Extraction of metals using electrolysis

The process of extracting a metal from its ore using electricity. More reactive metals are extracted using electrolysis.

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Factors affecting metal extraction

The extraction method for a metal depends on its relative reactivity and the cost involved.

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Reactivity series: Metals

The most reactive metals are found at the top. Less reactive metals are found at the bottom.

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Extraction of iron

Iron is extracted from its ore (iron oxide) using carbon in a blast furnace.

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Extraction of aluminum

Aluminum is extracted using electrolysis of molten aluminum oxide mixed with cryolite.

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Extraction methods: Reactivity

Metals less reactive than carbon can be extracted by heating with carbon.

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Extraction methods: Cost

Metals more reactive than carbon are extracted using electrolysis, due to the high cost of energy.

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Study Notes

Extracting Metals and Equilibria

  • Metal Reactivity and Reactions:

    • Highly reactive metals react with cold water, forming metal hydroxides (alkaline solutions) and hydrogen gas (e.g., 2K + 2Hâ‚‚O → 2KOH + Hâ‚‚).
    • Moderately reactive metals react with acids, producing a salt and hydrogen gas.
    • Almost all metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides; more reactive metals react faster.
    • Gold is extremely unreactive and does not react with any of these.
    • Metal reactivity is determined by reactions with water, acids, and oxygen. Observe bubbles for hydrogen production.

  • Metal Displacement Reactions:

    • A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from a solution of its salt.
    • The more reactive metal is oxidized (loses electrons, forming a cation), and the less reactive metal is reduced (gains electrons, forming an atom).
    • Example: A more reactive metal immersed in a salt solution containing a less reactive metal will gradually disappear as it forms a solution; the less reactive metal will coat the surface.

  • Reactivity Series:

    • Metals can be arranged in a reactivity series based on their tendency to form positive ions.
    • More reactive metals can form cations more easily.
    • The reactivity series includes potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, hydrogen, copper, silver, and gold.
    • Reactivity can be determined by testing reactions with water and dilute acids.
    • Non-metals like hydrogen and carbon are often included in the reactivity series.

Extraction of Metals

  • Metal Extraction Methods:

    • Most metals are extracted from ores.
    • Unreactive metals are found as uncombined elements in the Earth's crust.
    • The extraction method depends on the metal's position in the reactivity series and the cost.

  • Reduction with Carbon:

    • Metals less reactive than carbon can be extracted from their oxides by reduction with carbon.
    • Carbon gains oxygen (oxidized), and the metal oxide loses oxygen (reduced).
    • Examples include iron extraction (2Feâ‚‚O₃ + 3C → 4Fe + 3COâ‚‚).
    • Requires high temperatures (blast furnace for iron).

  • Electrolysis:

    • Metals more reactive than carbon are extracted by electrolysis of molten compounds.
    • Electrolysis is costly due to high energy use.
    • Aluminium is extracted this way (electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide and cryolite).

  • Other Extraction Methods:

    • Phytoextraction: Plants absorb metal compounds, concentrate them in shoots/leaves, and the plant material can be burned to produce metal compounds.
    • Bacterial Extraction: Bacteria absorb metal compounds, producing leachates that can be used to obtain the metal.

Oxidation and Reduction

  • Oxidation:

    • Gain of oxygen
    • Loss of electrons

  • Reduction:

    • Loss of oxygen
    • Gain of electrons

Recycling Metals

  • Recycling Advantages:
    • Conserves environment resources
    • Cost effective energy-wise than extracting from ores
    • Reduces mining damage (noise, dust).
    • Saves valuable raw materials.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

  • Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):
    • A process for assessing the environmental impact of a product throughout its entire life cycle.
    • Stages include: raw material extraction, manufacturing, use, and disposal.
    • Quantification of water, energy use, and waste production is relatively straightforward.
    • Assigning values to pollutant effects requires value judgments and is not completely objective.
    • Selective or abbreviated LTAs can be used but must be used responsibly.

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Explore the fascinating world of metal reactivity and displacement reactions in this quiz. Understand how different metals interact with water, acids, and oxygen, and learn about the principles of oxidation and reduction. Test your knowledge on metal hydroxides, hydrogen production, and more.

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