Chemistry Chapter Hydrogen and Water Properties
68 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of spins do protons exhibit in ortho hydrogen?

  • Opposite spins
  • Parallel spins (correct)
  • Random spins
  • Antiparallel spins

Which form of hydrogen is more stable?

  • Para hydrogen (correct)
  • Ortho hydrogen
  • Both forms are equally stable
  • Neither form

At what temperature does para hydrogen primarily exist?

  • Above room temperature
  • At high temperatures
  • At room temperature
  • At low temperatures (below room temperature) (correct)

What is the approximate ratio of ortho to para hydrogen at room temperature?

<p>1:3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is para hydrogen formed?

<p>When protons rotate in opposite directions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sets hydrogen apart in terms of its position in the periodic table?

<p>Hydrogen has properties resembling both alkali metals and halogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metal can react with dilute acids to liberate hydrogen gas?

<p>Fe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using impure zinc in the preparation of hydrogen from acids?

<p>Impure zinc reacts quicker than pure zinc. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals can react with boiling sodium hydroxide to evolve hydrogen?

<p>Pb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced when zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide?

<p>Na₂ZnO₂ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes water a universal solvent?

<p>It can dissolve a wide range of substances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond angle of H₂O in its gas phase?

<p>104.5° (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hydrogen bonds can each water molecule form in ice?

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does ice float on water?

<p>Ice has a lower density than liquid water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure does ice form at very low temperatures?

<p>Cubic form (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes temporary hardness in water?

<p>Presence of magnesium and calcium hydrogencarbonates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amphoteric nature of water?

<p>Water can act both as an acid and a base. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the self-ionization of water?

<p>Water donates H⁺ to another water molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method can effectively remove temporary hardness?

<p>Boiling water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant element in the universe?

<p>Hydrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What products are formed when water reacts with sodium?

<p>NaOH and H₂ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of permanent hardness in water?

<p>It is due to sulphates or chlorides of calcium and magnesium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does water act when it reacts with fluorine?

<p>As an oxidizing agent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which isotope of hydrogen is the most abundant on Earth?

<p>Protium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is a common water softener that can remove both temporary and permanent hardness?

<p>Washing soda (Na₂CO₃) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which form is hydrogen primarily found on Earth?

<p>Molecular hydrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when phosphorus pentoxide reacts with water?

<p>H₃PO₄ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does boiling water remove temporary hardness?

<p>By precipitating magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the reactivity of hydrogen isotopes?

<p>H-H is more reactive compared to H-D. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of water in hydrate formation?

<p>BaCl₂∙2H₂O and CuSO₄∙5H₂O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Calgon used for in water treatment?

<p>To form complex salts with calcium and magnesium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the isotopes of hydrogen?

<p>Tritium is the least abundant isotope of hydrogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction occurs when washing soda is used on CaCl₂?

<p>CaCl₂ + Na₂CO₃ → CaCO₃↓ + 2NaCl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding does interstitial water refer to?

<p>Covalent bonding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT effective in removing permanent hardness?

<p>Boiling water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the redox reaction involving water is false?

<p>Water serves solely as a reactant in redox reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metals can react with cold water to produce hydrogen?

<p>Lithium and Sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of electrolysis of acidified water?

<p>Hydrogen gas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process increases hydrogen production from carbon monoxide and steam?

<p>Water-Gas Shift Reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to obtain high purity hydrogen from warm aqueous barium hydroxide solution?

<p>Electrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen called?

<p>Synthesis gas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to methane when reacted with steam at high temperatures in the presence of a catalyst?

<p>It yields hydrogen gas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Bosch process, which element is primarily reacted with steam to produce hydrogen?

<p>Carbon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does the water gas reaction primarily occur to maximize hydrogen production?

<p>673K (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the permutit process?

<p>To convert hard water into soft water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is primarily used to regenerate the cation exchange resin?

<p>Hydrogen (H⁺) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of resin is used to remove anions from hard water?

<p>Anion exchange resin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the permutit as it is used in the water softening process?

<p>It is converted to calcium zeolite (CaZ) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the resulting water from the anion exchange resin process not suitable for drinking initially?

<p>It is too acidic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for sodium zeolite?

<p>Na₂Al₂Si₂O₈·xH₂O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is used to regenerate the anion exchange resin after use?

<p>Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the permutit process, which ions are replaced in hard water?

<p>Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ by Na⁺ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gas is dihydrogen?

<p>Colorless, odorless, and tasteless (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which halogen requires a catalyst for reaction with dihydrogen?

<p>Iodine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dihydrogen produce when it reacts with dioxygen?

<p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Haber process, what product is formed from the reaction of dihydrogen and dinitrogen?

<p>Ammonia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one common use of dihydrogen in the industrial sector?

<p>Preparation of vanaspati ghee (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dihydrogen behave in the presence of metals?

<p>Forms metal hydrides at high temperatures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction occurs when dihydrogen reduces metal ions?

<p>Forms corresponding metals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of dihydrogen?

<p>Production of synthetic rubber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ionic hydrides specifically formed from?

<p>s-block elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the stability of ionic hydrides as you move down the group?

<p>Stability decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a metallic hydride?

<p>ZrHₓ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes covalent hydrides from other types of hydrides?

<p>They are non-conductors of electricity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hydrides contains elements that do not have a complete octet?

<p>Electron Deficient Hydrides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the composition of metallic hydrides?

<p>They are non-stoichiometric (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group primarily forms electron rich hydrides?

<p>Group 15, 16, and 17 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of hydride does hydrogen occupy interstitial sites?

<p>Metallic Hydrides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hydrogen's Position in the Periodic Table

Hydrogen's position in the periodic table is unique because it exhibits properties of both alkali metals (Group 1) and halogens (Group 17). This makes it difficult to assign a fixed position.

Electronic Configuration of Alkali Metals

Alkali metals are known for having a similar electronic configuration. This often involves just one valence electron in their outermost shell, leading to reactivity.

Electronic Configuration of Halogens

Halogens, on the other hand, seek to gain one electron to achieve a stable octet configuration. This tendency makes them highly reactive nonmetals.

How to Prepare Hydrogen from Acids

Metals located above hydrogen in the electrochemical series can displace hydrogen from dilute acids. This reaction produces hydrogen gas as a byproduct.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why Impure Zinc Used for Hydrogen Preparation

Impure zinc reacts more quickly with dilute sulfuric acid to liberate hydrogen gas compared to pure zinc. Traces of impurities accelerate the reaction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ortho Hydrogen

A form of hydrogen where the protons spin in the same direction, making it less stable and prevalent at higher temperatures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Para Hydrogen

A form of hydrogen where the protons spin in opposite directions, making it more stable and prevalent at lower temperatures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ortho to Para Ratio

The ratio of ortho to para hydrogen at room temperature is approximately 1:3.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ortho Hydrogen Formation

The hydrogen atoms form a bond but the protons spin in the same direction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Para Hydrogen Formation

The hydrogen atoms form a bond but the protons spin in opposite directions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amphoteric Nature of Water

Water can act as both an acid and a base.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Ionization of Water (Autoprotolysis)

Water molecules react with each other to form hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH⁻).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water Reacting with Highly Electropositive Metals

Water can oxidize highly electropositive metals like sodium, releasing hydrogen gas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water as an Oxidizing Agent

Water can act as an oxidizing agent in certain situations, like during photosynthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water Reacting with Fluorine

Water reacts with fluorine, forming hydrofluoric acid and oxygen gas. Fluorine is a strong oxidizing agent.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrolysis Reactions

Chemical reactions where water molecules break apart other molecules, like the reaction of phosphorus pentoxide (P₄O₁₀ ) with water to form phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrate Formation

Water molecules can form different kinds of bonds with other molecules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coordinate Water

Water molecules form bonds with metal cations in a coordination complex, like in [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electrolysis of water

A chemical reaction where water is split into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas using an electric current. This method is sometimes referred to as 'electrolytic hydrolysis'.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water gas

A mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen gas (H₂) produced by reacting steam with hydrocarbons like methane. This mixture is crucial for many industrial processes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Steam Reforming

A chemical process that converts hydrocarbons or coke with steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. High temperatures and a catalyst are essential for the process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Coal Gasification

The process of producing water gas from coal.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water-Gas Shift Reaction

A process that shifts the chemical equilibrium in water gas production, increasing the yield of hydrogen. CO reacts with steam to produce CO₂ and more H₂.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lane's Process

A process where iron is reacted with steam to produce iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) and hydrogen gas. This method is less common in modern industrial production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metals reacting with cold water

Metals that react with cold water (7°C - 25°C) to produce hydrogen gas. Think of the acronym "LiKaBaCaNaSr" (Lithium, Potassium, Barium, Calcium, Sodium, Strontium).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metals reacting with hot water

Metals that react with hot water (25°C - 90°C) to produce hydrogen gas. Think of the acronym "MgAlCrMnZn" (Magnesium, Aluminum, Chromium, Manganese, Zinc).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What causes temporary hardness?

Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved magnesium and calcium hydrogencarbonates (bicarbonates).

Signup and view all the flashcards

How is temporary hardness removed by boiling?

Temporary hardness can be removed by boiling because the soluble bicarbonates are converted into insoluble carbonates and hydroxides, which precipitate out of solution.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Describe Clark's method for removing temporary hardness.

Clark's method involves adding a calculated amount of lime (calcium hydroxide) to hard water, which causes the precipitation of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide, effectively removing the hardness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What causes permanent hardness?

Permanent hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved calcium and magnesium sulfates or chlorides.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does washing soda remove hardness?

Washing soda (sodium carbonate) reacts with calcium and magnesium salts in hard water, converting them into insoluble carbonates, thus removing the hardness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does caustic soda remove hardness?

Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) reacts with calcium and magnesium salts in hard water, converting them into insoluble hydroxides, thus removing the hardness. This method is similar to using washing soda.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Calgon, and how does it remove hardness?

Calgon is a complex salt of metaphosphoric acid that reacts with calcium and magnesium salts in hard water to form complex soluble salts, effectively removing the hardness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does sodium phosphate remove hardness?

Sodium phosphate can also be used to remove hardness by reacting with magnesium salts to form insoluble magnesium phosphate, removing the hardness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are hydrides?

Binary compounds of hydrogen with other elements, classified into ionic, metallic, and covalent types.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Describe ionic/salt-like hydrides.

Compounds of hydrogen with s-block elements (excluding Be and Mg), characterized by ionic bonding and similar structure to rock salt

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are metallic/interstitial hydrides?

Compounds of hydrogen with d and f-block elements, where hydrogen atoms occupy spaces between the metal atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Explain covalent/molecular hydrides.

Compounds of hydrogen with p-block elements, existing as molecules and not conducting electricity. They can be electron-deficient, electron-precise, or electron-rich based on the central atom's electron configuration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are electron-deficient hydrides?

Hydrides where the central element (group 13) does not have a complete octet of electrons. For example, BH₃.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are electron-precise hydrides?

Hydrides where the central element (group 14) has a complete octet of electrons. For example, CH₄.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are electron-rich hydrides?

Hydrides where the central element (group 15, 16, 17) has lone pairs of electrons. For example, NH₃.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the hydride gap?

The tendency for elements in groups 7, 8, and 9 to not form hydrides. This trend is known as the hydride gap.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrogen's Existence in the Universe and on Earth

Hydrogen exists in atomic form in the Sun's atmosphere and the universe but is primarily found in molecular form (H₂) on Earth. In the Sun's stratosphere, atomic hydrogen undergoes fusion, releasing energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrogen's Abundance in the Universe and on Earth

Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, accounting for 70% of the total mass. It is also the most abundant element in the Sun and other stars. Its abundance on Earth is significantly less.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrogen Isotopes and Their Properties

The different isotopes of hydrogen, such as protium (¹H), deuterium (²H), and tritium (³H), have significantly different atomic weights and masses. These variations affect their physical and chemical properties.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrogen's Reactivity

Hydrogen is highly reactive in atomic form, but its reactivity decreases in molecular form due to the high bond dissociation energy. This energy is a result of the strong 1s-1s overlapping between the hydrogen atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative Abundance and Reactivity of Hydrogen Isotopes

Protium is the most abundant hydrogen isotope, while deuterium is rarer. Tritium is even rarer. The reactivity of hydrogen, however, varies with the isotope; for example, H-H bonds are more reactive than H-D bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Universal solvent

Water's ability to dissolve a wide variety of substances due to its polar nature and strong hydrogen bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Water molecule in the gas phase

A bent molecule with a bond angle of 104.5° and a dipole moment of 95.7 pm. The oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge, and the hydrogen atoms carry a partial positive charge.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ice Structure

A crystalline form of water with a highly ordered 3-dimensional hydrogen-bonded structure. Each water molecule forms 4 hydrogen bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why does ice float?

Due to its open, cage-like structure, ice is less dense than liquid water, making it float on water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the main physical properties of dihydrogen?

Dihydrogen (H₂) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and flammable gas that is lighter than air and doesn't dissolve well in water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does dihydrogen react with halogens?

Dihydrogen readily reacts with halogens (Group 17 elements) to form hydrogen halides (HX). The reaction with fluorine happens even in the dark, while the reaction with iodine needs a catalyst.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the reaction between dihydrogen and oxygen?

Dihydrogen is very reactive with oxygen, producing water (H₂O) in a highly exothermic reaction, releasing a significant amount of heat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does dihydrogen react with nitrogen?

The reaction between dihydrogen and nitrogen forms ammonia (NH₃)in the Haber process, a crucial industrial process for producing fertilizers.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does dihydrogen react with metals?

Dihydrogen combines with many metals at high temperatures to form metal hydrides. For instance, it forms alkali metal hydrides (MH) when reacting with alkali metals.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does dihydrogen react with metal ions and oxides?

Dihydrogen can reduce some metal ions and oxides in water, converting them into their corresponding metals. For example, it reduces palladium ions (Pd²⁺) to palladium metal (Pd).

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does dihydrogen react with organic compounds?

Dihydrogen combines with certain organic compounds in the presence of catalysts to produce useful hydrogenated products. For example, it can be used to create edible fats (like margarine) by hydrogenating vegetable oils.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are the major uses of dihydrogen?

Dihydrogen plays a significant role in various industries. It is used in the production of ammonia (NH₃), nitric acid (HNO₃), fertilizers, methanol, and vanaspati ghee (or Dalda). It is also used as a reducing agent in metallurgy, fuel for rockets, and in fuel cells for electricity generation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Permutit Process?

A process that uses permutit (sodium zeolite) to remove hardness-causing ions (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) from water by exchanging them with sodium ions (Na⁺).

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does Ion Exchange Resin soften water?

Temporary and permanent hardness are removed in this process using two types of resins: cation exchange resin and anion exchange resin.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a Cation Exchange Resin?

A type of ion exchange resin that replaces hardness-causing cations (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) in water with hydrogen ions (H⁺).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is an Anion Exchange Resin?

A type of ion exchange resin that removes anions (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and HCO₃⁻) from water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How is a Cation Exchange Resin regenerated?

Regeneration of the cation exchange resin involves using dilute acid (e.g., HCl) to replace the captured hardness-causing ions with hydrogen ions, restoring the resin's capacity to soften water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How is an Anion Exchange Resin regenerated?

Regeneration of the anion exchange resin uses a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to replace the captured anions with hydroxide ions, refreshing the resin's ability to soften water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is water softening?

The process of removing hardness-causing ions from water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why is a second anion exchange bed needed?

After the ion exchange process, the water is passed through a bed of anion exchange resin to neutralize its acidity, making it suitable for drinking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Position of Hydrogen in P. Table

  • Hydrogen's position in the periodic table is not fixed
  • Because some of its properties resemble with halogens and some properties resemble with alkali metals

Method of Preparation

  • From acids:
    • Metals placed above hydrogen in the electrochemical series react with dilute acids to liberate hydrogen gas
    • Examples: Fe + H₂SO₄ → FeSO₄ + H₂; Cu + H₂SO₄ → (no reaction); Zn + H₂SO₄ → ZnSO₄ + H₂
  • From alkalis:
    • Only beryllium, aluminium, zinc, tin, lead, and silicon (amphiprotic metals) react with both sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide to release hydrogen gas
    • Examples: Zn + 2NaOH → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂; 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H₂O → 2NaAlO₂ + 3H₂

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Test your knowledge on the properties of hydrogen and water in this quiz. Explore topics such as the stability of ortho and para hydrogen, the characteristics of water, and the reactions of various metals with acids and bases. Perfect for students studying chemistry concepts related to hydrogen and water.

More Like This

Chemistry of Water: Polarity, Hydrogen Bonding, and Acid-Base Properties
12 questions

Chemistry of Water: Polarity, Hydrogen Bonding, and Acid-Base Properti...

MindBlowingGyrolite4557 avatar
MindBlowingGyrolite4557
Chemistry Chapter: Water Properties
40 questions

Chemistry Chapter: Water Properties

IlluminatingSalamander7469 avatar
IlluminatingSalamander7469
Chemistry: Water Molecule and Properties
10 questions

Chemistry: Water Molecule and Properties

PersonalizedLyre avatar
PersonalizedLyre
Legami a Idrogeno e Acqua
43 questions

Legami a Idrogeno e Acqua

AffordableGroup7338 avatar
AffordableGroup7338
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser