Chemistry Chapter: Free Radical Reactions & Soap

Questions and Answers

What color indicates manganese in the +7 oxidation state?

Green

Brown

Purple (correct)

Colorless

What is the resulting compound when magnesium reacts with ethanoic acid?

Mg(CH₃COO)₂ + H₂O

(CH₃COO)₂Mg + H₂ (correct)

Mg(CH₃COO) + H₂O

(CH₃COO)₂Mg + H₂O

What effect does adding sodium sulfite have during the redox reaction involving manganese?

It oxidizes Mn to +4

It precipitates Mn as a solid

It reduces Mn to +2 (correct)

It maintains Mn in +7

Which of the following statements about benzoic acid production is true?

Benzaldehyde produces a smell of almonds Signup and view all the answers

In terms of filtration techniques, why is Buchner filtration preferred in certain chemical processes?

It is faster than gravity filtration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary end product when ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate?

Sodium acetate, water, and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

When an alcohol reacts with a salt, how is the resulting product correctly named?

Ethoxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of phenolmethanol?

Colorless liquid Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of refluxing in chemical reactions?

To allow reaction to go to completion and prevent loss of solvent Signup and view all the answers

What is the notable characteristic of soap that allows it to clean effectively?

It contains a polar and non-polar side which cleans polar and non-polar substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a step in the free radical substitution process?

Propagation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the first sample of ethene produced in a reaction?

It mainly consists of displaced air and is typically discarded Signup and view all the answers

Which process is exemplified by the production of ethene?

Elimination Signup and view all the answers

What is saponification also commonly referred to as?

Base-Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of antibumping granules in boiling liquids?

To allow for even boiling Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical boiling point of ethanol?

78 degrees Celsius Signup and view all the answers

What type of flame is visible when burning ethene?

A luminous yellow flame Signup and view all the answers

What makes ethanol a weak acid?

It donates a proton (H+). Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the acidic nature of carboxylic acids?

Inductive effect and stability of the conjugate base. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the reaction between a carboxylic acid and magnesium metal?

Salt and hydrogen gas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of synthesis in organic chemistry?

To form a chemical compound from simpler compounds. Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion is formed as an intermediate in ionic addition reactions?

A carbonium ion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fissions describes how bromine is split during ionic addition?

Heterolytic fission. Signup and view all the answers

Which three molecules are commonly used in ionic addition reactions?

Bromine, Chlorine, and HCl. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Free Radical Substitution

Four key steps: Initiation, Propagation, Termination
Chain reaction evidenced by many molecules produced from a single photon of light
Unexpected molecules from methyl or ethyl free radicals verify the existence of free radicals
Tetraethyl lead acts as a source of free radicals, accelerating reactions

Glycerol

Used in the manufacture of explosives

Soap Production

Soap has dual action due to its polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic) sides that clean both polar and non-polar substances
Saponification is also referred to as Base-Hydrolysis
Ethanol is the solvent used in soap production
Antibumping granules allow for even boiling during the reaction
Stearate is derived from lard or oils
Refluxing promotes complete reactions and minimizes solvent loss
Ethanol is distilled at 78 degrees Celsius

Soap Precipitation and Filtration

Soap precipitates in a brine solution
Buchner filtration is employed for its speed, and rinsing with minimal brine and ice-cold water maximizes soap yield

Ethene Production

Production of ethene exemplifies an elimination process
Safety: Keep ethanol away from flames to prevent fires
First sample of ethene discarded as it consists mainly of displaced air
Ethene is used in the ripening process of bananas
When burned, ethene produces a luminous yellow flame
Ethene is classified as unsaturated

Alcohol Classification

Primary alcohols have an OH group carbon linked to one other carbon
Secondary alcohols have an OH group carbon linked to two other carbons
Tertiary alcohols have an OH group carbon linked to three other carbons

Phenol and Manganese Oxidation States

Phenol is a colorless liquid
Manganese oxidation states: +7 is purple, +4 is brown, +2 is colorless

Benzoic Acid Production

Almond smell during production caused by benzaldehyde
The solution is acidified with concentrated HCl under a fume hood
Sodium sulfite is added to reduce manganese to the +2 oxidation state
Buchner filtration is used for speed in this context

Naming Products of Alcohol Reactions

Products of alcohol reacting with a salt are named ending in -ethoxide

Reactions with Ethanoic Acid

Ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium:
2CH₃COOH + Mg → (CH₃COO)₂Mg + H₂
Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide:
CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate:
2CH₃COOH + Na₂CO₃ → 2CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂

Ethanol as a Weak Acid

Ethanol can donate a proton (H+), which is the characteristic behavior of acids.

Acidic Nature of Carboxylic Acids

The acidity is influenced by the inductive effect, where electronegative atoms stabilize the negative charge on the conjugate base.

Reaction of Carboxylic Acid with Magnesium

The reaction produces a salt and liberates hydrogen gas.

Purpose of Synthesis in Organic Chemistry

Synthesis aims to form complex chemical compounds from simpler starting materials.

Significance of Synthesis Pathway Diagrams

These diagrams illustrate the stepwise conversion of substrates into a desired final product, enhancing understanding of the synthesis process.

Importance of Aspirin Synthesis

The synthesis of aspirin is cost-effective and more efficient than extraction from natural sources.

Intermediate in Ionic Addition

A carbonium ion is formed as an intermediate during ionic addition reactions.

Bromine Fission in Ionic Addition

Bromine undergoes heterolytic fission, where the bond breaks unevenly, forming ions.

Evidence of Ionic Addition

Reaction products such as 1,2-dibromoethane, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane, and 2-bromoethanol in salt water demonstrate the formation of carbonium ions.

Molecules Used in Ionic Addition

Common reactants include bromine, chlorine, and hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Use of Polyethene

Polyethene is widely utilized in the production of plastic bags.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of free radicals and soap production in this quiz. You'll learn about the processes of initiation, propagation, and termination, as well as the soap-making process, including saponification and filtration techniques. Test your knowledge on the chemical interactions and practical applications involved in these topics.