Chemistry Chapter 5
83 Questions
4 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the second shell of an atom?

  • 8 (correct)
  • 4
  • 6
  • 2

Which of the following elements would belong to group 6 of the periodic table?

  • Bromine (Br)
  • Oxygen (O) (correct)
  • Lithium (Li)
  • Fluorine (F)

Which type of ion is typically formed by non-metal atoms?

  • Cations
  • Neutral atoms
  • Anions (correct)
  • Positive ions

An ionic bond is formed due to the attraction between which types of particles?

<p>Oppositely charged ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the charge of a Group 2 metal ion expressed?

<p>2+ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of noble gases accounts for their lack of reactivity?

<p>Full outer electron shells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an atom of magnesium when it loses two electrons?

<p>It forms a Mg²⁺ cation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do ionic compounds generally have high melting and boiling points?

<p>Giant ionic lattice structure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these ions is formed by a Group 5 non-metal?

<p>Nitride (N³⁻) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would the electron configuration of an element in period 3, group 2 look like?

<p>2.8.2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct observation when magnesium burns in oxygen?

<p>Burns with a bright white flame forming a white powder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes non-metal oxides?

<p>Form acids in solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When metal carbonates are thermally decomposed, what is the product along with carbon dioxide?

<p>Metal oxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color does universal indicator turn in a strongly alkaline solution?

<p>Blue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which range on the pH scale indicates a weakly acidic solution?

<p>4-6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a neutralization reaction between an acid and an alkali, which compound is always produced?

<p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bases is NOT true?

<p>Bases do not react with acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which indicator is colorless in both acidic and neutral solutions?

<p>Phenolphthalein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product formed when zinc carbonate reacts with nitric acid?

<p>Zinc nitrate + Water + Carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly represents the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid?

<p>Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a compound?

<p>A substance made of two or more types of atoms chemically bonded in fixed proportions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to limewater when carbon dioxide is bubbled through it?

<p>It becomes cloudy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acid produces sulfate salts?

<p>Sulfuric acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of pure substances regarding their melting and boiling points?

<p>They melt or boil at single fixed temperatures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gas is produced when an alkali reacts with an acid?

<p>Hydrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct method for calculating the relative formula mass (Mr) of a compound?

<p>By adding the atomic masses of all individual atoms in the compound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation correctly represents the reaction of sodium hydroxide with nitric acid?

<p>NaOH + HNO₃ → NaNO₃ + H₂O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an endothermic reaction?

<p>Dissolving salt in water, resulting in cooling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are metal-nonmetal compounds named?

<p>Using the -ide ending for the non-metal component. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What observation confirms the presence of hydrogen gas in a reaction?

<p>Splint burns with a squeaky pop. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following salts is produced from hydrochloric acid?

<p>Chloride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the state symbol (aq) stand for in a chemical equation?

<p>Aqueous state (dissolved in water). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When balancing chemical equations, what can you change to ensure atoms are conserved?

<p>The coefficients in front of the formulas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates impure mixtures from pure substances?

<p>Impure mixtures may vary in composition and properties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of the arrangement of particles in a solid?

<p>Particles are neatly packed in rows and closely together. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase change is characterized by the release of heat energy?

<p>Condensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes isotopes of an element?

<p>They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of relative atomic mass, what does the term 'weighted by their abundance' refer to?

<p>Calculating the contribution of each isotope's mass relative to its proportion in the sample. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mass number of an atom if it contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons?

<p>14 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the kinetic energy of gas particles?

<p>Gas particles possess high kinetic energy and move randomly at high speeds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When water vapor condenses into liquid water, which of the following occurs?

<p>The arrangement of particles becomes more orderly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct formula for calculating the relative atomic mass from isotopes?

<p>Sum of (mass number × % abundance) divided by 100. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily determines the melting and boiling points of simple covalent molecules?

<p>The size and mass of the molecules involved (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?

<p>Particles naturally spread from high to low concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment with concentrated ammonia and hydrochloric acid, why does the white ring form closer to the HCl end?

<p>NH3 molecules are lighter and diffuse more quickly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a saturated solution?

<p>A solution where no more solute can dissolve at a given temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would the solubility of copper sulfate change if the temperature is increased from 20°C to 80°C?

<p>Solubility would increase, allowing more copper sulfate to dissolve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the solvent play in a solution?

<p>It is the liquid that dissolves the solute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using pencil lines in paper chromatography?

<p>Pencil lines help to mark the initial dye position accurately (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the dilution of a colored solution, what happens to the concentration of colored particles?

<p>Concentration decreases as water dilutes the solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In paper chromatography, how does solubility affect the distance traveled by components?

<p>More soluble components travel further up the paper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in calculating the empirical formula of a compound made from sodium and oxygen?

<p>Write down the mass of each element (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of finding the molecular formula from an empirical formula, what must be calculated first?

<p>The Mr of the empirical formula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an experiment to find the formula of MgO, which mass is crucial for determining magnesium's contribution?

<p>Mass of the magnesium prior to heating (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When calculating water of crystallization ratios, what mass measurement is needed to determine the water content?

<p>Mass of the water removed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To determine the empirical formula of BaCl₂⋅nH₂O, which step is performed after weighing the anhydrous salt?

<p>Divide the mass of the salt by its Mr (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final step in determining the empirical formula after dividing the masses by their respective relative atomic masses?

<p>Record the formula in its simplest form (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When constructing the formula for hydrated salts, which of the following is NOT a typical step?

<p>Add the crystals to the boiling water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative atomic mass (Ar) of oxygen that is commonly used in calculations found in empirical formula determinations?

<p>$16$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for alkanes?

<p>$C_nH_{2n+2}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about crude oil is NOT true?

<p>Crude oil is primarily composed of carbohydrates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn if Ink 2 did not move off the pencil line during chromatography?

<p>Ink 2 is insoluble in the used solvent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule represents the structural formula of butane?

<p>$C_4H_{10}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula would you use to derive the molecular formula for an alkane given its number of carbon atoms n?

<p>$C_nH_{2n+2}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the boiling point of hydrocarbons as you move down a fractional distillation column?

<p>It increases steadily. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the empirical formula for a compound that contains 10 carbon atoms and 25 hydrogen atoms?

<p>C2H5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about complete combustion is correct?

<p>It always produces carbon dioxide and water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a chromatogram shows 3 distinct spots for Ink 1, what does this indicate about its composition?

<p>Ink 1 consists of 3 different dyes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an isomer of pentane?

<p>2-methylbutane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the viscosity of hydrocarbons change as the molecule length increases down the column?

<p>Viscosity increases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options best describes isomers?

<p>Molecules with identical molecular formulas but different structural arrangements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the structural formula of butane?

<p>Butane’s structural formula is CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is produced during incomplete combustion?

<p>Carbon monoxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the IUPAC name of an organic compound?

<p>The longest carbon chain present in the compound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you calculate the Rf value if a dye has moved 5 cm and the solvent front has moved 10 cm?

<p>Rf = 0.5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of carbon monoxide binding to red blood cells?

<p>It reduces oxygen transport. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas contributes to the greenhouse effect and is primarily a result of human activity?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction leads to the formation of acid rain in the atmosphere?

<p>Reaction of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide with water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the relative atomic mass calculated?

<p>By averaging the weights of all isotopes present in a sample. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mole calculation formula for determining the amount of substance?

<p>$n = rac{m}{M_{r}}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which description correctly distinguishes between molecular and empirical formulas?

<p>Empirical formulas show the simplest ratio, while molecular formulas show exact numbers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?

<p>A gradual increase in global average temperatures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reaction occurs when sulfur dioxide is formed from the combustion of impurities?

<p>$S + O_{2} ightarrow SO_{2}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

States of Matter

Solid, liquid, and gas are the three fundamental physical states of matter.

Solid (State of Matter)

Particles in a solid are closely packed and vibrate in fixed positions.

Liquid (State of Matter)

Particles in a liquid are close together but can move and slide past each other.

Gas (State of Matter)

Particles in a gas are far apart and move randomly at high speed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative Atomic Mass

Average mass of an element's isotopes, weighted by abundance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Atomic Number

Number of protons in an atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mass Number

Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Element

A substance made up of only one type of atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Compound

A substance made up of two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mixture

A combination of elements and/or compounds that are mixed but not chemically bonded.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pure Substance

A substance that melts or boils at a single fixed temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impure Mixture

A mixture that melts or boils over a range of temperatures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative Formula Mass (Mr)

The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a compound.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases heat energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs heat energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Electronic configuration

Arrangement of electrons in different energy levels around an atom's nucleus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Outer shell electrons

Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Group number

Number of electrons in the atom's outer shell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Period number

Number of energy levels in an atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ionic Bond

Electrostatic attraction between positively & negatively charged ions, formed by transferring electrons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cation

Positively charged ion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anion

Negatively charged ion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Noble gas

Elements in Group 0 with full outer shells (inert).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ionic compound formula

Shows the ratio of ions in a neutral compound.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Dot-and-cross diagram

Shows electron transfer between atoms in an ionic bond.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Metal Properties

Metals are good conductors of electricity and react with acids in neutralization reactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-metal Properties

Non-metals are poor conductors of electricity and their oxides are acidic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Magnesium Combustion

Magnesium burns in oxygen with a bright white flame, producing magnesium oxide.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sulfur Combustion

Sulfur burns in oxygen with a blue flame, producing sulfur dioxide gas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrogen Combustion

Hydrogen burns in oxygen with a pale blue flame, producing water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Decomposition of Metal Carbonates

When heated, metal carbonates decompose into metal oxide and carbon dioxide.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is pH?

The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neutralization

Acids and alkalis react to neutralize each other, forming water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MASH Reaction

A reaction between a metal and an acid, producing a salt and hydrogen gas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

BAWS Reaction

A reaction between a metal oxide (base) and an acid, producing water and a salt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

AAWS Reaction

A reaction between a metal hydroxide (alkali) and an acid, producing water and a salt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CAWSCOD Reaction

A reaction between a metal carbonate and an acid, producing water, a salt, and carbon dioxide gas.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrochloric Acid Salt

A salt formed from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with a metal, base, or carbonate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sulfuric Acid Salt

A salt formed from the reaction of sulfuric acid with a metal, base, or carbonate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitric Acid Salt

A salt formed from the reaction of nitric acid with a metal, base, or carbonate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Soluble Salt Formation

Soluble salts can be formed by reacting an insoluble metal oxide or carbonate with an acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chromatogram

A visual record of the separation of components in a mixture by chromatography.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rf Value

A ratio that indicates the distance traveled by a substance relative to the distance traveled by the solvent in chromatography.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrocarbon

A compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Structural Formula

A diagram that shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Molecular Formula

A formula that shows the exact number of each type of atom in a molecule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homologous Series

A group of organic compounds that share the same general formula and similar chemical and physical properties.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

Signup and view all the flashcards

IUPAC Nomenclature

A system of naming organic compounds based on their structure.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intermolecular Forces

Weak attractions between molecules, affecting melting and boiling points. Strong covalent bonds hold atoms within molecules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Melting Point

Temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid. Higher for molecules with stronger intermolecular forces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Boiling Point

Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas. Higher for molecules with stronger intermolecular forces.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diffusion

Spreading out of particles from high concentration to low concentration, until a uniform mixture forms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Why does diffusion take time?

Gas particles are constantly colliding with each other and the container walls, slowing down the overall spreading process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Solute

The substance that dissolves in a liquid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Solvent

The liquid that dissolves a solid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in 100g of solvent at a specific temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Saturated Solution

A solution containing the maximum amount of solute possible at a given temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Solubility Curve

A graph showing how solubility changes with temperature. Solubility usually increases with temperature.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alkane General Formula

The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2. This means for each carbon atom, there are two hydrogen atoms plus two more. For example, butane (n = 4) has the formula C4H10 because (2 * 4) + 2 = 10.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Saturated Hydrocarbon

A saturated hydrocarbon is a molecule that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms. There are no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Crude Oil Components

Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons of different lengths, meaning different chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms. It also contains some sulfur impurities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Fractional Distillation?

Fractional distillation is a process used to separate different hydrocarbons in crude oil by heating it to vaporize them and then passing the vapors up a fractionating column. The column gets cooler towards the top, causing different hydrocarbons to condense at different heights based on their boiling points.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trend Down the Column

As you move down a fractionating column, hydrocarbons get darker, longer, have higher boiling points, and become thicker (more viscous).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Complete Combustion

Complete combustion of a fuel occurs when there is enough oxygen present. The products are always carbon dioxide and water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Incomplete Combustion

Incomplete combustion of a fuel occurs when there is limited oxygen present. The products can include carbon monoxide (CO) and/or carbon (soot) in addition to carbon dioxide and water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbon Monoxide Toxicity

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous gas that binds to red blood cells, hindering oxygen transport, leading to health problems like headaches, dizziness, fainting, and even death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change

Human activities, primarily burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) into the atmosphere. $CO_2$ is a greenhouse gas that traps heat, causing a gradual rise in global temperatures.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nitrogen Oxide Formation

High temperatures in car engines cause nitrogen ($N_2$) and oxygen ($O_2$) from the air to react, producing nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sulfur Dioxide Source

Combustion of impurities in fuels like coal, petrol, and diesel releases sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acid Rain Formation

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) react with atmospheric water, forming nitric and sulfuric acids. These acidic compounds dissolve in rainwater, harming buildings, trees, and aquatic life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)

The average mass of the isotopes of an element, weighted by their abundance. It's measured relative to 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mole (mol)

A unit of amount of substance. One mole of a substance contains a specific number of particles (Avogadro's number, 6.022 x 10^23) and has a mass equal to its relative atomic or formula mass.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Calculating Moles

The formula to calculate the amount of substance (n) in moles is: n = m / Mr. Where m is the mass of the substance and Mr is the relative formula mass.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Empirical Formula

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How to Calculate Empirical Formula?

  1. Find the mass (or percentage) of each element.
  2. Divide each mass by the relative atomic mass (Ar) of each element.
  3. Divide both answers by the smallest answer.
  4. Write out the formula.
Signup and view all the flashcards

How to Calculate Molecular Formula?

  1. Work out the Mr of the empirical formula.
  2. Divide the Mr of the molecular formula by the Mr of the empirical formula.
  3. Multiply the empirical formula by the answer from step 2.
Signup and view all the flashcards

Finding the formula of MgO

  1. Weigh the empty crucible and lid.
  2. Weigh the crucible + lid + magnesium.
  3. Heat the crucible strongly, lifting the lid periodically.
  4. When magnesium has reacted, reweigh the crucible, lid, and magnesium oxide.
Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Water of Crystallization?

Water molecules trapped within the ionic lattice of a hydrated salt.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How to Calculate Water of Crystallization?

  1. Measure the mass of hydrated salt.
  2. Heat the salt to remove water.
  3. Measure the mass of anhydrous salt.
  4. Find the mass of water lost.
  5. Divide the mass of water lost by its Mr.
  6. Divide the mass of anhydrous salt by its Mr.
  7. Divide both answers by the smallest number.
  8. Write the formula.
Signup and view all the flashcards

Hydrated Salt Formula

The formula of a hydrated salt includes a dot followed by the number of water molecules per unit of the salt (e.g., CuSO₄⋅5H₂O).

Signup and view all the flashcards

More Like This

IONIC BOND
25 questions

IONIC BOND

SpectacularBongos avatar
SpectacularBongos
Ionic Bonds and Electron Configurations
40 questions

Ionic Bonds and Electron Configurations

WinningDandelion avatar
WinningDandelion
Ionic and Covalent Bonds Quiz
6 questions

Ionic and Covalent Bonds Quiz

LionheartedBrazilNutTree avatar
LionheartedBrazilNutTree
Kemi 10: Atomer och Joner
5 questions

Kemi 10: Atomer och Joner

UserReplaceableCubism avatar
UserReplaceableCubism
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser