Chemistry Chapter 5 Quiz

In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.

Has no definite shape or volume.

Atoms or molecules pack closely together with a definite shape and volume.

A substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances.

A substance made of two or more elements in a fixed proportion.

Two or more substances in variable proportions, with constant composition.

Mass per unit volume.

The amount of mineralized bone tissue per unit volume.

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing its chemical composition.

A property that does not depend on the amount of matter present.

Density = mass/volume, used to determine the mass per unit volume of a substance.

The number of digits in a measurement that have meaning and are reliable.

The rules that dictate the correct way to round off numbers to the appropriate number of significant figures in scientific calculations.

Determining the correct number of significant figures in results of a mathematical operation.

(Example) A physical property of mercury, related to its mass and volume.

The measurement 0.00186600 mL has 7 significant figures.

The atomic mass of cadmium is 112.41 amu. This is the weighted average of the masses of its isotopes.

Isotopic Abundance is the percentage of a specific isotope in a naturally occurring sample of an element. The atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the masses of its isotopes, taking into account their relative abundances.

To calculate the atomic mass of an element with multiple isotopes, multiply the mass of each isotope by its natural abundance (as a decimal), then sum the results.

To convert moles of an element to mass, use the molar mass of the element (found on the periodic table). Multiply the moles by the molar mass.

To convert mass of an element to moles, divide the mass by the molar mass of the element.

To calculate the mass of a given number of atoms, convert the number of atoms to moles using Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10^23 atoms/mol), then multiply by the molar mass of the element.

The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element. The atomic number defines an element and distinguishes it from other elements on the periodic table.

Atomic mass is the average mass of the atoms of an element, taking into account all its isotopes and their relative abundances.

Units that measure three-dimensional space, often expressed in cubic units like cubic inches (in3) or cubic centimeters (cm3).

A gigagram (Gg) is equal to 10^9 kilograms (kg). To convert from gigagrams to kilograms, multiply by 10^9.

A micrometer (µm) is equal to 10^-6 meters (m). To convert from micrometers to grams, you need to consider the density of the substance.

A picometer (pm) is equal to 10^-12 meters (m), and a nanometer (nm) is equal to 10^-9 meters (m). To convert from picometers to nanometers, divide by 10^3 (or move the decimal point three places to the left).

A milliliter (mL) is equivalent to a cubic centimeter (cm3).

A kiloliter (kL) is equal to 10^5 centiliters (cL). To convert from kiloliters to centiliters, multiply by 10^5.

A cubic millimeter (mm3) is equal to 10^-3 cubic centimeters (cm3). To convert from cubic millimeters to cubic centimeters, divide by 1000 (or move the decimal point three places to the left).

The area covered by an oil slick depends on the volume of oil spilled and the thickness of the resulting film.

A gallon (gal) is approximately equal to 3.785 liters (L).

A kilogram (kg) is approximately equal to 2.205 pounds (lb).

To convert density from g/cm3 to kg/m3, multiply by 1000.

The correct formula for mercury(I) nitrate. The Roman numeral I indicates that mercury has a +1 charge, and nitrate has a -1 charge, requiring two nitrate ions to balance the charge of two mercury(I) ions.

The correct formula for the compound formed by cobalt(II) ions and phosphate ions is Co3(PO4)2. Cobaltous indicates cobalt has a +2 charge, and phosphate has a -3 charge. The correct ratio is 3 cobalt(II) ions and 2 phosphate ions to balance the charges.

The correct name for TiHCO3 is titanium(I) bicarbonate. This compound contains a titanium ion with a +1 charge and a bicarbonate ion with a -1 charge, resulting in a neutral compound. Bicarbonate has a -1 charge unlike carbonate, which has a -2 charge.

The correct name for Sn(SO4)2 is tin(IV) sulfate. Tin(IV) indicates that tin has a +4 charge, while sulfate has a -2 charge.

The correct name for KMnO4 is potassium permanganate. This compound is formed by a potassium ion with a +1 charge and a permanganate ion with a -1 charge.

The correct formula for aluminum sulfate is Al2(SO4)3. Aluminum ions carry a +3 charge, while sulfate ions carry a -2 charge.

The correct name for H2CO3 is carbonic acid. It is an inorganic acid formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

The correct formula for sulfurous acid is H2SO3. It is a weak inorganic acid formed by the reaction of sulfur dioxide with water. Sulfurous acid is a key component in the formation of acid rain.

The process where an atom loses electrons to become a positively charged ion.

The process where an atom gains electrons to become a negatively charged ion.

A compound formed from the electrostatic attraction between a cation and an anion.

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

The number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions) in one mole of a substance, approximately 6.022 × 10^23.

Identifying the correct number of significant figures when reading a measuring device.

A change that alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not change its chemical composition.

A change that results in the formation of new chemical substances with different properties.

A substance that has a fixed composition and uniform properties throughout.

A mixture that has a non-uniform composition and properties throughout.

A process where a solid directly changes into a gas without passing through the liquid phase.

A way of expressing numbers in the form a x 10^b, where a is a number between 1 and 10, and b is an integer.

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons, resulting in no overall charge.

Changing measurements from one unit to another using conversion factors, such as 1 kg = 1000 g.

Labels like 'kilo' or 'milli' that modify units, indicating the scale of the measurement.

Writing numbers as a product of a coefficient between 1 and 10, and a power of 10, simplifying large or small numbers.

The volume of a rectangular object is calculated by multiplying its length, width, and height.

Units of measurement for a 2D space, like square meters (m²) or square inches (in²).

The mass of air per unit volume, typically measured in kg/m3. Air is a mixture of gases; therefore, its density is influenced by factors like temperature, pressure, and composition.

A theory that describes the fundamental nature of matter, stating that elements are made of tiny particles called atoms, which cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

The density of air depends on factors like temperature, pressure, and composition. Higher temperature decreases density, higher pressure increases density, and a mixture of gases with different densities can influence the overall density of air.

A physical change alters the form or appearance of a substance without changing its chemical composition (reversible), while a chemical change results in the formation of new substances with different properties (irreversible).

Dalton proposed atoms are the fundamental building blocks of elements. They cannot be created, destroyed, or subdivided during a chemical reaction. Atoms of the same element are identical, while atoms of different elements have different properties.

The correct formula for mercury(I) nitrate is Hg2(NO3)2. Mercury(I) ions have a +1 charge, and nitrate ions have a -1 charge. It takes two nitrate ions to balance the charge of two mercury(I) ions.

The correct formula for cobaltous phosphate is Co3(PO4)2. Cobaltous indicates cobalt has a +2 charge. Phosphate ions have a -3 charge. The correct ratio is 3 cobalt(II) ions and 2 phosphate ions to balance the charges.

The correct formula for titanium(I) bicarbonate is TiHCO3. Titanium(I) has a +1 charge and bicarbonate has a -1 charge.

The correct formula for tin(IV) sulfate is Sn(SO4)2. Tin(IV) has a +4 charge, and sulfate ions have a -2 charge.

The correct formula for potassium permanganate is KMnO4. Potassium ions have a +1 charge, and permanganate ions have a -1 charge.

The correct formula for aluminum sulfate is Al2(SO4)3. Aluminum ions have a +3 charge, and sulfate ions have a -2 charge.

The correct formula for carbonic acid is H2CO3. This weak inorganic acid forms when carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with water (H2O).

The correct formula for sulfurous acid is H2SO3. This weak inorganic acid forms by the reaction of sulfur dioxide with water. It's a key component in acid rain!