Questions and Answers
An orbital can at most hold how many electrons?
2 electrons
How many electrons can the first energy level hold?
2
What are the sublevels that make up the n=3 energy level?
s, p, d
How many orbitals are in a 'p' sublevel?
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What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
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Which scientist developed the Quantum Mechanical Model?
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How many electrons can the d sublevel hold?
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What is the lowest energy state of an atom called?
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How many electrons can the s sublevel hold?
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What orbital shapes are found at the 2nd energy level?
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What atom matches this electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10?
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What is the maximum number of electrons that an orbital can have?
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What electron configuration matches an oxygen atom?
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What is the electron configuration for Bromine (Br)?
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What is the shorthand electron configuration for a sulfur atom?
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Hund's rule states...
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Sublevel with a single orbital shaped like a sphere.
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When doing orbital diagrams, the large numbers (e.g. 1s, 2s) represent...
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Name the element represented by the electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1.
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How many electrons can a d sublevel hold?
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Used the 'Cathode Ray Tube Experiment' to make his discovery.
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How many electrons can fit in a 'p' sublevel?
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Which is the electron configuration for an oxygen atom?
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What are the shapes of p orbitals?
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The electron configuration of an atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6. The number of electrons in the atom is...
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How many electrons can an f sublevel hold?
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What atom matches this electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2?
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Sublevel with a set of 3 dumbbell shaped orbitals.
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How many electrons can an s sublevel hold?
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What are the sublevels that make up the n=4 energy level?
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Electrons occupy orbitals of lowest energy first is part of what electron configuration rule?
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λ is the symbol for which part of a wave?
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The area of 3D space where an electron is likely to be found is called a(n)...
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ν is the symbol for which part of the wave?
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The height of a wave is called...
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According to the Aufbau Principle, which sublevel should start filling with electrons after 5s?
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Electron arrangement that uses arrows is called...
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Atoms that gain & lose electrons are called...
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What is the number of valence electrons for Carbon?
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This 'rule' of Quantum Chemistry states that no 2 electrons in an atom can be in the exact same state...
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Which of the following is a p block element?
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Study Notes
Electron Configuration and Atomic Orbitals
- Maximum capacity of an orbital is 2 electrons.
- First energy level can hold 2 electrons.
- n=3 energy level consists of s, p, and d sublevels.
- p sublevel contains 3 orbitals, accommodating a total of 6 electrons.
- d sublevel can hold up to 10 electrons, with 5 orbitals present for electron distribution.
- f sublevel has a capacity of 14 electrons.
Principles Governing Electron Behavior
- Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons can occupy the same quantum state; at most 2 electrons can fit in one orbital with opposite spins.
- Hund's Rule: Electrons fill degenerate orbitals singly first, ensuring the same spin until all orbitals in the energy level contain one electron.
- Aufbau Principle: Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbitals first.
Orbital Shapes and Energy Levels
- s sublevel has a spherical orbital shape, with 1 orbital available.
- p orbitals have a dumbbell shape, consisting of 3 orbitals in a sublevel.
- There are 4 sublevels in the n=4 energy level: s, p, d, and f.
Electron Configuration Examples
- Zinc: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰.
- Oxygen: 1s² 2s² 2p⁴.
- Bromine: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁵.
- Gallium: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p¹.
- Chlorine: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵.
- Aluminum: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹.
- Manganese: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁵.
- Magnesium: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s².
Valence Electrons and Atomic Structure
- Group 16 elements possess 6 valence electrons.
- Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
- Atomic orbitals are regions in space where electrons are likely to be found.
Wave Properties
- Wavelength (λ) and frequency (ν) are fundamental wave characteristics; amplitude describes the wave's height.
- Electrons and their energy states are represented and visualized in orbital diagrams, which utilize arrows to denote electron arrangements.
Historical Contributions
- E. Schrödinger contributed to the development of quantum mechanics.
- J.J. Thomson utilized the Cathode Ray Tube Experiment to discover the electron.
Quantum Chemistry Principles
- Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to precisely know both the location and momentum of an electron simultaneously.
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Test your knowledge of Chemistry Chapter 5 with these flashcards. Focus on key concepts such as orbitals, energy levels, and principles like the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Perfect for students needing a quick review or study aid.
