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Questions and Answers
Reactants and products in a chemical equation are arranged how?
Reactants and products in a chemical equation are arranged how?
What type of reaction does calcium carbonate undergo when heated strongly?
What type of reaction does calcium carbonate undergo when heated strongly?
Decomposition
What is a limiting reactant?
What is a limiting reactant?
The substance that is depleted first and stops a reaction
What are the coefficients that properly balance the equation NaOH + H2S --> Na2S + H2O?
What are the coefficients that properly balance the equation NaOH + H2S --> Na2S + H2O?
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What type of reaction is represented by CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2?
What type of reaction is represented by CaCO3 --> CaO + CO2?
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What is the mole ratio to convert from KO2 to oxygen in the equation KO2 + H2O --> KOH + O2?
What is the mole ratio to convert from KO2 to oxygen in the equation KO2 + H2O --> KOH + O2?
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How many moles of S8 can be produced from 0.250 mole of SO2 in the reaction 16H2S + 8SO2 --> 16H2O + 3S8?
How many moles of S8 can be produced from 0.250 mole of SO2 in the reaction 16H2S + 8SO2 --> 16H2O + 3S8?
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What is the percent yield for the combustion of ethanol given 75.0 g C2H5OH reacted with 105 g O2 and produced 65.0 g CO2?
What is the percent yield for the combustion of ethanol given 75.0 g C2H5OH reacted with 105 g O2 and produced 65.0 g CO2?
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If 10.0 moles of potassium react, how many moles of bromine are required according to 2K + Br2 --> 2KBr?
If 10.0 moles of potassium react, how many moles of bromine are required according to 2K + Br2 --> 2KBr?
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Which reactant is the limiting reactant when 2.00 grams of potassium react with 2.00 grams of bromine in 2K + Br2 --> 2KBr?
Which reactant is the limiting reactant when 2.00 grams of potassium react with 2.00 grams of bromine in 2K + Br2 --> 2KBr?
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What mass of potassium chloride can be produced from 5.2 g of potassium and 7.9 g of chlorine in 2K + Cl2 --> 2KCl?
What mass of potassium chloride can be produced from 5.2 g of potassium and 7.9 g of chlorine in 2K + Cl2 --> 2KCl?
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[Blank] lower the [Blank] of a reaction and therefore increase the reaction rate.
[Blank] lower the [Blank] of a reaction and therefore increase the reaction rate.
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What is a synthesis reaction?
What is a synthesis reaction?
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What occurs in a decomposition reaction?
What occurs in a decomposition reaction?
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What characterizes a single replacement reaction?
What characterizes a single replacement reaction?
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What characterizes a double replacement reaction?
What characterizes a double replacement reaction?
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What is reduction in a chemical reaction?
What is reduction in a chemical reaction?
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What is oxidation?
What is oxidation?
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What are redox reactions?
What are redox reactions?
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What is the oxidizing agent?
What is the oxidizing agent?
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What are reducing agents?
What are reducing agents?
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What is stoichiometry?
What is stoichiometry?
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How many moles of Cl2 are required to produce 9.6 moles of PCl3 in the reaction P4 + 6Cl2 --> 4PCl3?
How many moles of Cl2 are required to produce 9.6 moles of PCl3 in the reaction P4 + 6Cl2 --> 4PCl3?
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If excess H2O is present, what masses of NH3 and CO2 are produced from 0.92 moles of urea?
If excess H2O is present, what masses of NH3 and CO2 are produced from 0.92 moles of urea?
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How many grams of NaCl will be produced by 6.5 grams of NaHCO3 in the reaction NaHCO3 + HCl --> NaCl + H2O + CO2?
How many grams of NaCl will be produced by 6.5 grams of NaHCO3 in the reaction NaHCO3 + HCl --> NaCl + H2O + CO2?
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What is a limiting reagent?
What is a limiting reagent?
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What are excess reagents?
What are excess reagents?
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What is theoretical yield?
What is theoretical yield?
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Percent yield is the same as actual yield.
Percent yield is the same as actual yield.
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What is actual yield?
What is actual yield?
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What is free energy in a reaction?
What is free energy in a reaction?
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What are spontaneous reactions?
What are spontaneous reactions?
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What are nonspontaneous reactions?
What are nonspontaneous reactions?
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What defines an exothermic reaction?
What defines an exothermic reaction?
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What defines an endothermic reaction?
What defines an endothermic reaction?
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What happens to reaction rate if you lower the activation energy?
What happens to reaction rate if you lower the activation energy?
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What happens when you add a catalyst to a reaction?
What happens when you add a catalyst to a reaction?
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Study Notes
Chemical Reactions
- Reactants and Products: Reactants are positioned on the left, products on the right of a chemical equation.
- Decomposition Reaction: Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) decomposes when heated to form calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
- Limiting Reactant: The limiting reactant is the substance that is consumed first, halting the reaction.
Balancing Chemical Equations
- Balanced Equation Coefficients: For the equation NaOH + H2S → Na2S + H2O, the coefficients are 2, 1, 1, and 2, respectively.
- Mole Ratios: When balancing KO2 + H2O → KOH + O2, the mole ratio of O2 to KO2 is 3 mol O2/4 mol KO2.
Mole Calculations
- Sulfur Production: From the reaction 16H2S + 8SO2 → 16H2O + 3S8, 0.250 mole of SO2 produces 0.0938 mole of S8.
- Percent Yield of Ethanol Combustion: The combustion of 75.0 g of ethanol gives a percent yield of 67.5% for the production of CO2.
- Moles of Reactants: In the reaction 2K + Br2 → 2KBr, 10.0 moles of potassium require 5.00 moles of bromine.
- Limiting Reactant in a Potassium and Bromine Reaction: In the reaction of 2.00 grams each of potassium and bromine, bromine (Br2) is the limiting reactant.
- Mass Calculation of Potassium Chloride: From 5.2 g of potassium and 7.9 g of chlorine, 9.9 g of potassium chloride (KCl) can be produced.
Reaction Types
- Catalysts: Catalysts lower the activation energy, enhancing the reaction rate.
- Synthesis Reaction: Involves combining multiple elements or compounds to form one complex product (A + B → AB).
- Decomposition Reaction: A single compound breaks down into simpler substances (AB → A + B).
- Single Replacement Reaction: One element replaces another in a compound (A + BC → AC + B).
- Double Replacement Reaction: Elements in two compounds exchange partners (AB + CD → AD + CB).
Redox Reactions
- Reduction: The gain of electrons during a reaction.
- Oxidation: The loss of electrons during a reaction.
- Redox Reactions: These always involve both oxidation and reduction processes and electron transfer.
Stoichiometry
- Stoichiometry: The study of relationships between moles and mass in chemical reactions; coefficients signify the number of moles.
- Limiting and Excess Reagents: The limiting reagent is consumed first, while excess reagents are leftover reactants after the reaction.
- Theoretical Yield: The highest possible quantity of product produced from a given amount of reactants.
Yield and Free Energy
- Actual Yield: The real amount of product obtained from a chemical reaction.
- Free Energy: Energy gained or released in a reaction based on bond breaking and formation.
- Spontaneous Reactions: Occur without ongoing input of energy and have a negative free energy value.
- Nonspontaneous Reactions: Require energy input to proceed and have a positive free energy value.
Reaction Dynamics
- Exothermic Reactions: Release heat energy, common in combustion processes.
- Endothermic Reactions: Absorb energy to proceed, requiring external energy input.
- Reaction Rate: The speed at which products form in a reaction.
- Activation Energy (Eact): The barrier energy necessary to transition from reactants to products; reducing the activation energy increases the reaction rate.
- Factors Affecting Reaction Rate: Changing temperature, concentration, or adding a catalyst can alter the speed of a reaction.
Key Outcomes
- Lowering Activation Energy: Increases reaction rate, facilitating faster product formation.
- Adding Catalysts: Permanently lowers activation energy and accelerates reactions without being consumed.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chemistry Chapter 5 with these flashcards. Each card provides definitions and examples related to chemical equations, reactants, products, and reaction types. Perfect for mastering the foundational elements of chemical reactions.