Questions and Answers
Electromagnetic radiation is a kind of ______ that behaves like a(n) ________ as it travels through space.
Electromagnetic radiation is a kind of ______ that behaves like a(n) ________ as it travels through space.
Electromagnetic radiation is a kind of ______ that behaves like a(n) ________ as it travels through space.
energy, wave
What is one type of electromagnetic radiation?
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All waves can be characterized by their wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and ______.
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The shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave is called a(n) ______.
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The height of a wave from the origin to a crest or from the origin to a trough is the ______.
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____ is the _______, which is equivalent to one wave per second.
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What is the minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom?
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According to Planck's theory, for a given frequency, v, matter can emit or absorb energy on in ______.
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What is the phenomenon where electrons are emitted from a metal's surface when light shines on it?
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Which equation is used to calculate the energy of a photon?
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Like the visible spectrum, an atomic emission spectrum is a continuous range of colors.
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Each element has a unique atomic emission spectrum.
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A flame test can be used to identify the presence of certain elements in a compound.
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The fact that only certain colors appear in an element's atomic emission spectrum indicates that only certain frequencies of light are emitted.
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Atomic emission spectra can be explained by the wave model of light.
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The neon atoms in a neon sign emit their characteristic color of light as they absorb energy.
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When an atom emits light, protons having certain specific energies are being emitted.
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The lowest allowable energy state of an atom is called _______.
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What did Bohr's model predict about hydrogen's atomic emission?
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According to Bohr's atomic model, the smaller an electron's orbit, the ______ the atom's energy level.
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Bohr proposed that when energy is added to a hydrogen atom, its ____ moves to a higher-energy orbit.
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According to Bohr's atomic model, the hydrogen atom emits a photon corresponding to the difference between the _____ associated with the two orbits it transitions between.
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What aspect of Bohr's model failed to explain elements other than hydrogen?
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What is the modern model of the atom that treats electrons as waves called?
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What principle states it is impossible to know both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time?
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What is a three-dimensional region around the nucleus representing the probability of finding an electron called?
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Which equation was originally applied to the hydrogen atom and led to the quantum mechanical model?
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Do atomic orbitals have an exact defined size?
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Each orbital contains at most how many electrons?
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All s orbitals are shaped this way.
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A principal energy is represented by what variable?
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What does 2n squared find?
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There are how many equal energy p orbitals?
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Hydrogen's principal energy level 1 consists of how many orbitals?
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All p orbitals are shaped this way.
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The arrangement of electrons in an atom's ___.
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Electrons in an atom tend to assume the arrangement that gives the atom the ___ possible energy.
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This arrangement of electrons is the most ___ arrangement and is the atom's ___.
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What are the electrons in an atom's outermost orbitals called?
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What principle states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital level available?
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In an electron-dot structure, the element's symbol represents the...
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What are the valence electrons in Cl? [Ne]3s^2 3p^5
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Which electrons are represented by the dots in an electron-dot structure?
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Study Notes
Electromagnetic Radiation
- A form of energy that travels as a wave through space, can include light, x-rays, radio waves, and microwaves.
- Waves can be characterized by four properties: wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and speed.
Key Wave Properties
- Wavelength: The shortest distance between equivalent points on a wave.
- Amplitude: The height of a wave from the origin to a crest or trough.
- Frequency: Measured in hertz (Hz), equivalent to one wave per second.
Energy and Photons
- Quantum: Minimum energy that can be lost or gained by an atom.
- Energy can only be emitted or absorbed in whole-number multiples according to Planck’s theory.
- The energy of a photon is calculated using the equation (E = hv), where (h) is Planck’s constant.
Atomic Emission
- Photoelectric Effect: Electrons are emitted from a metal's surface when it is illuminated with light of certain frequencies.
- Each element has a unique atomic emission spectrum.
- A flame test can identify elements based on their atomic emission spectrum, which consists of specific colors and frequencies unique to each element.
Bohr's Atomic Model
- Predicts frequencies of lines in hydrogen’s atomic emission spectrum.
- Electrons occupy orbits around the nucleus, with lower orbits corresponding to lower energy levels.
- Electrons can move to higher-energy orbits when energy is added and emit photons corresponding to energy level transitions.
- Model fails for elements beyond hydrogen concerning atomic emission spectra.
Quantum Mechanical Model
- Treats electrons as waves and is based on the Schrödinger wave equation.
- Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: It’s impossible to know both the velocity and position of an electron simultaneously.
- Atomic Orbital: A three-dimensional region around the nucleus representing the probability of an electron's location.
Electron Configuration
- Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.
- S Orbitals: Spherically shaped; there is one s orbital within the first principal energy level.
- P Orbitals: Dumbbell-shaped; consist of three equal-energy orbitals.
- Electrons arrange themselves in a way that minimizes energy, achieving the lowest possible energy state (ground state).
Valence Electrons and Structure
- Valence electrons are the outermost electrons influencing chemical reactivity.
- The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first.
- Electron-dot structures represent an atom's nucleus and inner electrons with the elemental symbol, while dots indicate valence electrons.
Chlorine Valence Electrons
- Chlorine has five valence electrons from its electron configuration ([Ne]3s^2 3p^5).
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Description
This study guide contains flashcards covering essential concepts from Chapter 5 on electrons in atoms. Learn about electromagnetic radiation, its characteristics, and types such as light, x-rays, and microwaves. Perfect for mastering the fundamental principles of atomic structure.
