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Questions and Answers
Electromagnetic radiation is a kind of ______ that behaves like a(n) ________ as it travels through space.
Electromagnetic radiation is a kind of ______ that behaves like a(n) ________ as it travels through space.
Electromagnetic radiation is a kind of ______ that behaves like a(n) ________ as it travels through space.
Electromagnetic radiation is a kind of ______ that behaves like a(n) ________ as it travels through space.
Electromagnetic radiation is a kind of ______ that behaves like a(n) ________ as it travels through space.
Electromagnetic radiation is a kind of ______ that behaves like a(n) ________ as it travels through space.
energy, wave
What is one type of electromagnetic radiation?
What is one type of electromagnetic radiation?
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All waves can be characterized by their wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and ______.
All waves can be characterized by their wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and ______.
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The shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave is called a(n) ______.
The shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave is called a(n) ______.
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The height of a wave from the origin to a crest or from the origin to a trough is the ______.
The height of a wave from the origin to a crest or from the origin to a trough is the ______.
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____ is the _______, which is equivalent to one wave per second.
____ is the _______, which is equivalent to one wave per second.
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What is the minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom?
What is the minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom?
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According to Planck's theory, for a given frequency, v, matter can emit or absorb energy on in ______.
According to Planck's theory, for a given frequency, v, matter can emit or absorb energy on in ______.
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What is the phenomenon where electrons are emitted from a metal's surface when light shines on it?
What is the phenomenon where electrons are emitted from a metal's surface when light shines on it?
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Which equation is used to calculate the energy of a photon?
Which equation is used to calculate the energy of a photon?
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Like the visible spectrum, an atomic emission spectrum is a continuous range of colors.
Like the visible spectrum, an atomic emission spectrum is a continuous range of colors.
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Each element has a unique atomic emission spectrum.
Each element has a unique atomic emission spectrum.
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A flame test can be used to identify the presence of certain elements in a compound.
A flame test can be used to identify the presence of certain elements in a compound.
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The fact that only certain colors appear in an element's atomic emission spectrum indicates that only certain frequencies of light are emitted.
The fact that only certain colors appear in an element's atomic emission spectrum indicates that only certain frequencies of light are emitted.
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Atomic emission spectra can be explained by the wave model of light.
Atomic emission spectra can be explained by the wave model of light.
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The neon atoms in a neon sign emit their characteristic color of light as they absorb energy.
The neon atoms in a neon sign emit their characteristic color of light as they absorb energy.
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When an atom emits light, protons having certain specific energies are being emitted.
When an atom emits light, protons having certain specific energies are being emitted.
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The lowest allowable energy state of an atom is called _______.
The lowest allowable energy state of an atom is called _______.
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What did Bohr's model predict about hydrogen's atomic emission?
What did Bohr's model predict about hydrogen's atomic emission?
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According to Bohr's atomic model, the smaller an electron's orbit, the ______ the atom's energy level.
According to Bohr's atomic model, the smaller an electron's orbit, the ______ the atom's energy level.
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Bohr proposed that when energy is added to a hydrogen atom, its ____ moves to a higher-energy orbit.
Bohr proposed that when energy is added to a hydrogen atom, its ____ moves to a higher-energy orbit.
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According to Bohr's atomic model, the hydrogen atom emits a photon corresponding to the difference between the _____ associated with the two orbits it transitions between.
According to Bohr's atomic model, the hydrogen atom emits a photon corresponding to the difference between the _____ associated with the two orbits it transitions between.
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What aspect of Bohr's model failed to explain elements other than hydrogen?
What aspect of Bohr's model failed to explain elements other than hydrogen?
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What is the modern model of the atom that treats electrons as waves called?
What is the modern model of the atom that treats electrons as waves called?
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What principle states it is impossible to know both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time?
What principle states it is impossible to know both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time?
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What is a three-dimensional region around the nucleus representing the probability of finding an electron called?
What is a three-dimensional region around the nucleus representing the probability of finding an electron called?
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Which equation was originally applied to the hydrogen atom and led to the quantum mechanical model?
Which equation was originally applied to the hydrogen atom and led to the quantum mechanical model?
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Do atomic orbitals have an exact defined size?
Do atomic orbitals have an exact defined size?
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Each orbital contains at most how many electrons?
Each orbital contains at most how many electrons?
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All s orbitals are shaped this way.
All s orbitals are shaped this way.
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A principal energy is represented by what variable?
A principal energy is represented by what variable?
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What does 2n squared find?
What does 2n squared find?
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There are how many equal energy p orbitals?
There are how many equal energy p orbitals?
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Hydrogen's principal energy level 1 consists of how many orbitals?
Hydrogen's principal energy level 1 consists of how many orbitals?
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All p orbitals are shaped this way.
All p orbitals are shaped this way.
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The arrangement of electrons in an atom's ___.
The arrangement of electrons in an atom's ___.
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Electrons in an atom tend to assume the arrangement that gives the atom the ___ possible energy.
Electrons in an atom tend to assume the arrangement that gives the atom the ___ possible energy.
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This arrangement of electrons is the most ___ arrangement and is the atom's ___.
This arrangement of electrons is the most ___ arrangement and is the atom's ___.
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What are the electrons in an atom's outermost orbitals called?
What are the electrons in an atom's outermost orbitals called?
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What principle states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital level available?
What principle states that each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital level available?
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In an electron-dot structure, the element's symbol represents the...
In an electron-dot structure, the element's symbol represents the...
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What are the valence electrons in Cl? [Ne]3s^2 3p^5
What are the valence electrons in Cl? [Ne]3s^2 3p^5
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Which electrons are represented by the dots in an electron-dot structure?
Which electrons are represented by the dots in an electron-dot structure?
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Study Notes
Electromagnetic Radiation
- A form of energy that travels as a wave through space, can include light, x-rays, radio waves, and microwaves.
- Waves can be characterized by four properties: wavelength, amplitude, frequency, and speed.
Key Wave Properties
- Wavelength: The shortest distance between equivalent points on a wave.
- Amplitude: The height of a wave from the origin to a crest or trough.
- Frequency: Measured in hertz (Hz), equivalent to one wave per second.
Energy and Photons
- Quantum: Minimum energy that can be lost or gained by an atom.
- Energy can only be emitted or absorbed in whole-number multiples according to Planck’s theory.
- The energy of a photon is calculated using the equation (E = hv), where (h) is Planck’s constant.
Atomic Emission
- Photoelectric Effect: Electrons are emitted from a metal's surface when it is illuminated with light of certain frequencies.
- Each element has a unique atomic emission spectrum.
- A flame test can identify elements based on their atomic emission spectrum, which consists of specific colors and frequencies unique to each element.
Bohr's Atomic Model
- Predicts frequencies of lines in hydrogen’s atomic emission spectrum.
- Electrons occupy orbits around the nucleus, with lower orbits corresponding to lower energy levels.
- Electrons can move to higher-energy orbits when energy is added and emit photons corresponding to energy level transitions.
- Model fails for elements beyond hydrogen concerning atomic emission spectra.
Quantum Mechanical Model
- Treats electrons as waves and is based on the Schrödinger wave equation.
- Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: It’s impossible to know both the velocity and position of an electron simultaneously.
- Atomic Orbital: A three-dimensional region around the nucleus representing the probability of an electron's location.
Electron Configuration
- Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.
- S Orbitals: Spherically shaped; there is one s orbital within the first principal energy level.
- P Orbitals: Dumbbell-shaped; consist of three equal-energy orbitals.
- Electrons arrange themselves in a way that minimizes energy, achieving the lowest possible energy state (ground state).
Valence Electrons and Structure
- Valence electrons are the outermost electrons influencing chemical reactivity.
- The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first.
- Electron-dot structures represent an atom's nucleus and inner electrons with the elemental symbol, while dots indicate valence electrons.
Chlorine Valence Electrons
- Chlorine has five valence electrons from its electron configuration ([Ne]3s^2 3p^5).
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Description
This study guide contains flashcards covering essential concepts from Chapter 5 on electrons in atoms. Learn about electromagnetic radiation, its characteristics, and types such as light, x-rays, and microwaves. Perfect for mastering the fundamental principles of atomic structure.
