Chemistry Chapter 4.1

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of chemistry?

The study of the digestive system and its functions.

The study of the composition and characteristics of matter, and the changes that it can undergo. (correct)

The study of the human body's functions and structures.

The study of nutrients and their roles in the body.

What is the term for the raw materials that your cells need to survive and function?

Matter (correct)

Nutrients

Cells

Oxygen

What is the focus of Section 4.2?

Body structures and functions (correct)

Common health problems that affect the digestive system

Basic chemistry concepts

The digestive system and its functions

What is the primary purpose of learning basic chemistry concepts in the context of nutrition?

To understand how the matter in food becomes the raw materials for building, fueling, and sustaining healthy bodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction?

Enzyme Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to learn about basic chemistry concepts in the context of nutrition?

To understand the meaning of unfamiliar terms and their definitions Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Section 4.3?

The digestive system and its functions Signup and view all the answers

Why do people avoid eating foods that are not labeled organic?

Because they contain chemicals such as additives or pesticides Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of solutions in living things?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that dissolves in a solvent?

Solute Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main particles that make up an atom?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent called?

Solubility Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the attraction that holds atoms together and forms a molecule?

Chemical bond Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons?

It becomes an ion Signup and view all the answers

What is the symbol for the element sodium?

Na Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means?

Element Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that loses H+ when dissolved in water?

Acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that removes and accepts H+ when dissolved in water?

Base Signup and view all the answers

How many oxygen atoms are in an oxygen molecule, according to its chemical formula?

2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the central region of an atom that contains protons?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH scale used to measure?

The concentration of hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of blood that makes it easier to transport and eliminate water-soluble substances?

High water content Signup and view all the answers

How many bonding sites does each carbon atom have?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for a water molecule?

H2O Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water?

Electrolyte Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for elements that are found in the Earth's crust and are essential nutrients?

Minerals Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of electrolytes in the body?

Helping to maintain proper fluid balance Signup and view all the answers

How many carbon atoms are in a glucose molecule, according to its chemical formula?

6 Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range of a solution that is considered neutral?

Only 7 Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pH of a solution as the concentration of H+ ions increases?

The pH decreases Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of buffers in the blood?

To accept excess H+ or OH- ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a chemical reaction involving the combination of elements or compounds?

The formation of new molecules or compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH range of a solution that is considered basic or alkaline?

7 to 14 Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pH range of blood?

7.35 to 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lungs in maintaining the normal pH of blood?

To remove excess H+ ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of anthocyanin in a pH meter?

To indicate acidic solutions Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of adding an acid to an alkaline solution?

The pH of the solution becomes neutral Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a solution with a pH of 2.0?

It is more acidic than a solution with a pH of 12.0 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an enzyme in a chemical reaction?

To catalyze the reaction Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs during digestion?

Catabolic reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of combining vinegar and baking soda?

A fizzy liquid forms with carbon dioxide gas Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Why do enzymes have specific actions?

Because they have specific shapes that fit specific molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an acid ingredient in baked goods recipes that require baking soda?

To react with the baking soda and produce carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Why do gelatin recipes often exclude fresh or frozen pineapple, papaya, kiwifruit, and guava?

Because they contain enzymes that break down gelatin Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of heating enzymes found in raw food?

They are destroyed Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a substance that forms when an acid reacts with a base?

Salt Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of enzyme names?

They usually end with -ase Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Basic Chemistry Concepts

Matter is composed of atoms, which contain protons, electrons, and neutrons.
Atoms are neutral, meaning they have no electrical charge, because the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
There are over 100 different types of atoms, and each type is an element, a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances.
Elements are essential for human nutrition, and some are essential for life.

From Atoms to Compounds

Atoms interact with each other to form chemical bonds, which hold atoms together to form molecules.
Molecules can contain the same element or different elements.
Chemical formulas are used to identify molecules, and they indicate the number of atoms of each element present.
Carbon atoms have four bonding sites, allowing them to form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.

Compounds

Compounds are molecules that contain two or more different elements in specific proportions.
Solutions are evenly distributed mixtures of two or more compounds, with a solvent (the primary component) and a solute (the substance that dissolves).

Ions

Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have an electrical charge due to gaining or losing electrons.
Ions can be positive (by losing an electron) or negative (by gaining an electron).
Electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, are ions that can conduct electricity and are essential for maintaining proper fluid balance in the body.

Acids and Bases

Acids are substances that lose H+ (hydrogen ions) when dissolved in water, while bases are substances that remove and accept H+ when dissolved in water.
The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, with a pH of 7 being neutral, below 7 being acidic, and above 7 being basic.
pH affects the body's functions, and maintaining a proper acid-base balance is crucial for health.

Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions are processes that change the arrangement of atoms in molecules.
Synthesis reactions involve combining elements or compounds to form new substances, while decomposition reactions involve breaking down molecules.
Enzymes are molecules that catalyze specific chemical reactions, speeding them up without becoming part of the products.

Enzymes

Enzymes are usually proteins that are recyclable and can catalyze many reactions.
Each enzyme has a specific action, and they are sensitive to environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, and the presence of certain vitamins and minerals.
Enzymes are essential for metabolic processes, including digestion, and are found in raw foods, but can be destroyed by cooking.

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Test your understanding of chemistry basics, including elements, ions, chemical bonds, acids, and bases, and the role of enzymes in chemical reactions.