Chemistry Chapter 4.1
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of chemistry?

  • The study of the digestive system and its functions.
  • The study of the composition and characteristics of matter, and the changes that it can undergo. (correct)
  • The study of the human body's functions and structures.
  • The study of nutrients and their roles in the body.

    • What is the term for the raw materials that your cells need to survive and function?

  • Matter (correct)
  • Nutrients
  • Cells
  • Oxygen

    • What is the focus of Section 4.2?

  • Body structures and functions (correct)
  • Common health problems that affect the digestive system
  • Basic chemistry concepts
  • The digestive system and its functions

    • What is the primary purpose of learning basic chemistry concepts in the context of nutrition?

    <p>To understand how the matter in food becomes the raw materials for building, fueling, and sustaining healthy bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction?

    <p>Enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to learn about basic chemistry concepts in the context of nutrition?

    <p>To understand the meaning of unfamiliar terms and their definitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Section 4.3?

    <p>The digestive system and its functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people avoid eating foods that are not labeled organic?

    <p>Because they contain chemicals such as additives or pesticides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of solutions in living things?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that dissolves in a solvent?

    <p>Solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main particles that make up an atom?

    <p>Protons, neutrons, and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent called?

    <p>Solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the attraction that holds atoms together and forms a molecule?

    <p>Chemical bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons?

    <p>It becomes an ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol for the element sodium?

    <p>Na</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means?

    <p>Element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that loses H+ when dissolved in water?

    <p>Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that removes and accepts H+ when dissolved in water?

    <p>Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many oxygen atoms are in an oxygen molecule, according to its chemical formula?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the central region of an atom that contains protons?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH scale used to measure?

    <p>The concentration of hydrogen ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of blood that makes it easier to transport and eliminate water-soluble substances?

    <p>High water content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bonding sites does each carbon atom have?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for a water molecule?

    <p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water?

    <p>Electrolyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for elements that are found in the Earth's crust and are essential nutrients?

    <p>Minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of electrolytes in the body?

    <p>Helping to maintain proper fluid balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon atoms are in a glucose molecule, according to its chemical formula?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of a solution that is considered neutral?

    <p>Only 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the pH of a solution as the concentration of H+ ions increases?

    <p>The pH decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of buffers in the blood?

    <p>To accept excess H+ or OH- ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a chemical reaction involving the combination of elements or compounds?

    <p>The formation of new molecules or compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH range of a solution that is considered basic or alkaline?

    <p>7 to 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal pH range of blood?

    <p>7.35 to 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lungs in maintaining the normal pH of blood?

    <p>To remove excess H+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of anthocyanin in a pH meter?

    <p>To indicate acidic solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of adding an acid to an alkaline solution?

    <p>The pH of the solution becomes neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a solution with a pH of 2.0?

    <p>It is more acidic than a solution with a pH of 12.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an enzyme in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To catalyze the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction occurs during digestion?

    <p>Catabolic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of combining vinegar and baking soda?

    <p>A fizzy liquid forms with carbon dioxide gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells?

    <p>Metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do enzymes have specific actions?

    <p>Because they have specific shapes that fit specific molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an acid ingredient in baked goods recipes that require baking soda?

    <p>To react with the baking soda and produce carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do gelatin recipes often exclude fresh or frozen pineapple, papaya, kiwifruit, and guava?

    <p>Because they contain enzymes that break down gelatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of heating enzymes found in raw food?

    <p>They are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a substance that forms when an acid reacts with a base?

    <p>Salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of enzyme names?

    <p>They usually end with -ase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basic Chemistry Concepts

    • Matter is composed of atoms, which contain protons, electrons, and neutrons.
    • Atoms are neutral, meaning they have no electrical charge, because the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
    • There are over 100 different types of atoms, and each type is an element, a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances.
    • Elements are essential for human nutrition, and some are essential for life.

    From Atoms to Compounds

    • Atoms interact with each other to form chemical bonds, which hold atoms together to form molecules.
    • Molecules can contain the same element or different elements.
    • Chemical formulas are used to identify molecules, and they indicate the number of atoms of each element present.
    • Carbon atoms have four bonding sites, allowing them to form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.

    Compounds

    • Compounds are molecules that contain two or more different elements in specific proportions.
    • Solutions are evenly distributed mixtures of two or more compounds, with a solvent (the primary component) and a solute (the substance that dissolves).

    Ions

    • Ions are atoms or groups of atoms that have an electrical charge due to gaining or losing electrons.
    • Ions can be positive (by losing an electron) or negative (by gaining an electron).
    • Electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, are ions that can conduct electricity and are essential for maintaining proper fluid balance in the body.

    Acids and Bases

    • Acids are substances that lose H+ (hydrogen ions) when dissolved in water, while bases are substances that remove and accept H+ when dissolved in water.
    • The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, with a pH of 7 being neutral, below 7 being acidic, and above 7 being basic.
    • pH affects the body's functions, and maintaining a proper acid-base balance is crucial for health.

    Chemical Reactions

    • Chemical reactions are processes that change the arrangement of atoms in molecules.
    • Synthesis reactions involve combining elements or compounds to form new substances, while decomposition reactions involve breaking down molecules.
    • Enzymes are molecules that catalyze specific chemical reactions, speeding them up without becoming part of the products.

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes are usually proteins that are recyclable and can catalyze many reactions.
    • Each enzyme has a specific action, and they are sensitive to environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, and the presence of certain vitamins and minerals.
    • Enzymes are essential for metabolic processes, including digestion, and are found in raw foods, but can be destroyed by cooking.

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    Test your understanding of chemistry basics, including elements, ions, chemical bonds, acids, and bases, and the role of enzymes in chemical reactions.

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