Chemistry Chapter 4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A solid that contains two or more substances blended unevenly.

A solid, liquid, or gas that contains two or more substances blended evenly throughout. (correct)

A gaseous mixture with varying composition.

A mixture of only liquid substances.

What is a solvent?

A substance that dissolves a solute.

What is a solute?

The dissolved substance in a solution.

What is an electrolyte?

A substance whose aqueous solutions contain ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a nonelectrolyte?

A substance that does not ionize in water and cannot conduct electricity. Signup and view all the answers

What is dissolution?

The breaking up or dissolving of something into parts. Signup and view all the answers

What are cations?

Positive ions. Signup and view all the answers

What are anions?

Negative ions. Signup and view all the answers

Which compounds form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water?

Acids Signup and view all the answers

Properties of acids: Taste _____, Dissolve Metals, and Conduct electricity.

sour Signup and view all the answers

A few molecular substances have aqueous solutions that contain ions, _____ are the most important of these solutions.

acids Signup and view all the answers

What are strong electrolytes?

Any compound of which all or almost all of the dissolved solute exists as ions in aqueous solutions. Signup and view all the answers

What are weak electrolytes?

A compound of which a relatively small amount of the dissolved solute exists as ions. Signup and view all the answers

What is chemical equilibrium?

A state of balance where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. Signup and view all the answers

Soluble ionic compounds are _____.

strong electrolytes Signup and view all the answers

What is solvation?

The process by which ions become surrounded by solvent molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What are precipitation reactions?

Reactions between two ionic compounds resulting in the formation of a solid. Signup and view all the answers

What is a precipitate?

A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxidation number of elemental form?

Zero. Signup and view all the answers

What is molarity?

Moles of solute per liter of solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is a standard solution?

The solution of known concentration. Signup and view all the answers

What is titration?

A process where a solution of unknown concentration is added to a known volume of a second solution until the reaction is complete. Signup and view all the answers

What does the equivalence point in a titration indicate?

When the number of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal. Signup and view all the answers

What is dilution?

The process of reducing the concentration by adding water or a thinner. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mixtures and Solutions

Homogeneous mixtures: Evenly blended combinations of two or more substances in solid, liquid, or gas form.
Solvent: The medium that dissolves a solute in a solution.
Solute: The substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Electrolytes: Substances (e.g., NaCl) whose aqueous solutions contain ions and can conduct electricity.
Nonelectrolytes: Substances that do not ionize in water and cannot conduct electricity, exemplified by sugar (C₂H₂₂O₁₁).
Dissolution: The process of breaking up or dissolving a substance into parts.

Ions and Acids

Cations: Positively charged ions.
Anions: Negatively charged ions.
Acids: Compounds that produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water; they are sour, dissolve metals, and conduct electricity.
Strong electrolytes: Compounds that dissociate completely into ions in solution (e.g., HCl).
Weak electrolytes: Compounds that partially dissociate into ions (e.g., acetic acid).

Chemical Reactions

Chemical equilibrium: A state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, leading to no net change in reactants and products.
Precipitation reactions: Reactions between ionic compounds that produce an insoluble solid upon mixing.
Precipitate: A solid formed from a solution during a chemical reaction.
Net ionic equations: Only include the ions and compounds that undergo a change during the reaction while excluding spectator ions.

Solubility Rules

Soluble ionic compounds: Strong electrolytes that dissolve well in water.
Exceptions in solubility: Most carbonates are insoluble, except those with alkali metals and ammonium; sulfates of Pb²⁺ are also exceptions.
Solvation: The process of surrounding solute ions with solvent molecules to form a solution.

Titration and Molarity

Molarity: The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution.
Dilution: The process of reducing solute concentration by adding solvent without changing the amount of solute.
Titration: The method of determining the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration until complete reaction (equivalence point).

Ionic Compounds and Reactions

Metathesis reactions: Involve the exchange of component ions between reacting substances.
Acid-base neutralization: H⁺ and OH⁻ ions combine to form water.
Activity series: An ordered list of metals ranked by their reactivity.

Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions: Involve the transfer of electrons between species; oxidation refers to the loss of electrons.
Oxidation states: Denote the degree of oxidation of atoms; for elemental forms, the oxidation number is zero.
Specific rules for oxidation states: Fluorine has -1, oxygen usually -2, hydrogen varies between +1 (with nonmetals) and -1 (with metals).

Practical Applications in Chemistry

Steps for writing net ionic equations involve writing balanced molecular equations and identifying ions.
Steps for converting moles to atoms/molecules include calculating moles and using Avogadro's number.
To name ionic compounds, positive ions precede negative ions, with -ide added to non-polyatomic anions.

Memory Aids

Mnemonic for alkanes: "My Enormous Penguin Bounces Pretty High" helps remember the series: Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key terms from Chemistry Chapter 4 with these flashcards. Each card provides a definition that clarifies concepts like homogeneous mixtures, solvents, and electrolytes. Perfect for quick revision and understanding essential chemistry vocabulary.