Questions and Answers
What is a homogeneous mixture?
What is a solvent?
A substance that dissolves a solute.
What is a solute?
The dissolved substance in a solution.
What is an electrolyte?
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What is a nonelectrolyte?
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What is dissolution?
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What are cations?
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What are anions?
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Which compounds form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water?
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Properties of acids: Taste _____, Dissolve Metals, and Conduct electricity.
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A few molecular substances have aqueous solutions that contain ions, _____ are the most important of these solutions.
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What are strong electrolytes?
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What are weak electrolytes?
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What is chemical equilibrium?
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Soluble ionic compounds are _____.
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What is solvation?
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What are precipitation reactions?
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What is a precipitate?
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What is the oxidation number of elemental form?
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What is molarity?
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What is a standard solution?
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What is titration?
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What does the equivalence point in a titration indicate?
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What is dilution?
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Study Notes
Mixtures and Solutions
- Homogeneous mixtures: Evenly blended combinations of two or more substances in solid, liquid, or gas form.
- Solvent: The medium that dissolves a solute in a solution.
- Solute: The substance that is dissolved in a solution.
- Electrolytes: Substances (e.g., NaCl) whose aqueous solutions contain ions and can conduct electricity.
- Nonelectrolytes: Substances that do not ionize in water and cannot conduct electricity, exemplified by sugar (C₂H₂₂O₁₁).
- Dissolution: The process of breaking up or dissolving a substance into parts.
Ions and Acids
- Cations: Positively charged ions.
- Anions: Negatively charged ions.
- Acids: Compounds that produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water; they are sour, dissolve metals, and conduct electricity.
- Strong electrolytes: Compounds that dissociate completely into ions in solution (e.g., HCl).
- Weak electrolytes: Compounds that partially dissociate into ions (e.g., acetic acid).
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical equilibrium: A state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal, leading to no net change in reactants and products.
- Precipitation reactions: Reactions between ionic compounds that produce an insoluble solid upon mixing.
- Precipitate: A solid formed from a solution during a chemical reaction.
- Net ionic equations: Only include the ions and compounds that undergo a change during the reaction while excluding spectator ions.
Solubility Rules
- Soluble ionic compounds: Strong electrolytes that dissolve well in water.
- Exceptions in solubility: Most carbonates are insoluble, except those with alkali metals and ammonium; sulfates of Pb²⁺ are also exceptions.
- Solvation: The process of surrounding solute ions with solvent molecules to form a solution.
Titration and Molarity
- Molarity: The concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution.
- Dilution: The process of reducing solute concentration by adding solvent without changing the amount of solute.
- Titration: The method of determining the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration until complete reaction (equivalence point).
Ionic Compounds and Reactions
- Metathesis reactions: Involve the exchange of component ions between reacting substances.
- Acid-base neutralization: H⁺ and OH⁻ ions combine to form water.
- Activity series: An ordered list of metals ranked by their reactivity.
Oxidation and Reduction
- Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions: Involve the transfer of electrons between species; oxidation refers to the loss of electrons.
- Oxidation states: Denote the degree of oxidation of atoms; for elemental forms, the oxidation number is zero.
- Specific rules for oxidation states: Fluorine has -1, oxygen usually -2, hydrogen varies between +1 (with nonmetals) and -1 (with metals).
Practical Applications in Chemistry
- Steps for writing net ionic equations involve writing balanced molecular equations and identifying ions.
- Steps for converting moles to atoms/molecules include calculating moles and using Avogadro's number.
- To name ionic compounds, positive ions precede negative ions, with -ide added to non-polyatomic anions.
Memory Aids
- Mnemonic for alkanes: "My Enormous Penguin Bounces Pretty High" helps remember the series: Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane.
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Test your knowledge of key terms from Chemistry Chapter 4 with these flashcards. Each card provides a definition that clarifies concepts like homogeneous mixtures, solvents, and electrolytes. Perfect for quick revision and understanding essential chemistry vocabulary.