Chemistry Chapter 3 - Nature and Composition of Matter

Chapter 3 - Nature of Matter

• Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed without changing the matter's identity (color, odor, shape, etc.)
• Chemical properties describe a substance's ability to change into another substance through a reaction (flammability, acidity, magnetic properties, color changes)
• Phases are the different states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) and are a physical property
• Solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles moving slowly
• Liquids have a definite volume but not shape; particles can slide past each other
• Gases have no definite shape or volume; particles move freely
• Plasmas are ionized gases with free-roaming positive and negative charges (e.g., sun, stars)

Chapter 3 - Composition of Matter

• Atoms are the basic unit of matter
• The nucleus, at the atom's center, accounts for almost 100% of its mass
• Protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge) are subatomic particles within the atom.
• An atom's atomic number is determined by the number of protons
• Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons
• Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons
• Cations are positively charged (loss of electrons), and anions are negatively charged (gain of electrons)

Chapter 3 - Atomic and Mass Number

• Atomic number identifies an atom and equals the number of protons in its nucleus
• Atoms of the same substance have the same atomic number
• Ions form when atoms lose or gain electrons
• Mass number is the sum of the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus

Chapter 3 - Chemical Elements

• An element consists entirely of one type of atom
• Scientists have identified 109 elements
• 90 are found in nature; 19 are artificially produced
• Elements are represented by symbols
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons; some are unstable and undergo radioactive decay

Chapter 4 - Water

• Water is a unique substance due to its physical and chemical properties
• Different temperatures affect water's density, and it expands when it freezes, which gives it unique characteristics in its liquid form
• Water molecules have uneven electron distribution which creates polar covalent bond properties as a physical property
• Water is a universal solvent and an important part of forming mixtures

Chapter 4 - Mixtures

• A mixture occurs when two or more elements or compounds are combined without chemical changes, that can physically be separated
• Homogeneous mixtures (e.g., solutions) are uniform throughout, with one substance dissolved in another
• Water's polarity makes it a great solvent
• Heterogeneous mixtures (e.g., suspensions) have uneven distributions of particles (needs to be shaken) and are visible

Chapter 4 - Acids and Bases

• Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) into solutions
• Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-) into solutions
• The pH scale measures the amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions; it helps determine if substances are acidic, alkaline, or neutral

Chapter 4 - Chemical Compounds in Living Things

• The main elements found in living things are C, N, O, and H.
• 96.3% of the total weight of the human body makeup comprises these 4 elements varying in combination

Chapter 5 - Eukaryotic Cell Structures

• All eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus
• Cell Membrane: separates and controls what enters and exits the cell; is selectively permeable (acts like a filter, to allow certain things in and out)
• Cytoplasm: the liquid between the membrane and the nucleus, and contains organelles
• Nucleus: the control center, contains DNA and makes proteins

Chapter 5 - Cytoplasmic Organelles

• Mitochondria converts food into usable energy (ATP) in respiration
• Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis in plants, converting light energy into chemical energy
• Ribosomes construct proteins in the cell
• Endoplasmic reticulum modifies, transports, and stores proteins; Rough ER has ribosomes, Smooth ER doesn't
• Golgi Apparatus packages and sends molecules
• Vacuoles: stores materials, important for structure in plants
• Lysosomes digest cellular materials that are no longer needed

Chapter 5 - Cell Wall

• The cell wall is a rigid covering found in plant cells.
• It supports and protects the cell
• It has pores to allow substances to pass through the cell wall

Chapter 5 - Cytoskeleton

• The cytoskeleton is composed of filaments that support the cell
• It also aids in movement

Chapter 5 - Centrioles

• The centrioles assist in cell division
• They are found in animal cells, not plant cells

Chapter 6 - Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates (sugar).
• The process requires water, carbon dioxide, and light.
• The process releases oxygen.
• Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, and this powers the reactions.

Chapter 6 - Pigments

• Pigments are substances in plants that absorb light
• Chlorophyll A and B are the main pigments in plants, absorbing blue and red light and reflecting green light
• Carotenoids absorb other colors, extending the range of photosynthetic wavelengths
• Chloroplasts are organelles that contain thylakoids.

Chapter 6 - Energy Storing

• Energy is stored in ATP and NADPH
• ATP is a form of energy that is released through breaking down the phosphate bonds

Chapter 6 - Light Reactions

• Light reactions capture light energy in Chlorophyll and turn it into chemical energy
• ATP and NADPH are used in the Calvin Cycle

Chapter 6 - Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration breaks down glucose (carbohydrates) to release stored energy,
• Process is aerobic because it needs oxygen
• Most energy is made in the final stage, the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Chapter 6 - Aerobic Respiration

• It involves oxygen and breaks down food molecules to release energy
• The Krebs cycle is part of aerobic respiration, breaking down pyruvic acid, releasing energy in the form of ATP

Chapter 6 - The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

• The ETC is where the maximum amount of ATP is created during cellular respiration

Chapter 6 - Fermentation

• Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen
• It creates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue
• There are two types: alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation

This quiz covers Chapter 3, focusing on the nature and composition of matter. You will explore physical and chemical properties, the phases of matter, and the atomic structure including protons, neutrons, and electrons. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in chemistry!