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Questions and Answers
Elements can combine to form ________.
Elements can combine to form ________.
Compounds
What are bonds?
What are bonds?
Attraction forces between atoms.
What are chemical bonds?
What are chemical bonds?
Compounds are made of atoms held together by chemical bonds.
What are the three types of chemical bonds?
What are the three types of chemical bonds?
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What is an ionic bond?
What is an ionic bond?
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What governs the attraction in ionic bonding?
What governs the attraction in ionic bonding?
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What are ionic compounds?
What are ionic compounds?
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What results from a covalent bond?
What results from a covalent bond?
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Covalent bonding is a balance between which forces?
Covalent bonding is a balance between which forces?
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What are covalently bonded compounds referred to as?
What are covalently bonded compounds referred to as?
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What is a metallic bond?
What is a metallic bond?
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What do chemical formulas represent?
What do chemical formulas represent?
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What are the types of chemical formulas?
What are the types of chemical formulas?
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What does a molecular formula list?
What does a molecular formula list?
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What is an empirical formula?
What is an empirical formula?
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What indicates a simple ratio in an empirical formula?
What indicates a simple ratio in an empirical formula?
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What are examples of diatomic molecules?
What are examples of diatomic molecules?
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What kind of compounds do not involve ionic bonds?
What kind of compounds do not involve ionic bonds?
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What acids do when dissolved in water?
What acids do when dissolved in water?
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Study Notes
Compounds and Chemical Bonds
- Compounds are formed when elements combine, exhibiting properties different from the constituent elements (e.g., Hydrogen + Oxygen = Water).
- Chemical bonds are attractions between atoms that arise from protons’ attraction to electrons.
Types of Chemical Bonds
- Three types of bonding: Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic.
- Ionic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals, involving electron transfer and resulting in charged ions (cations and anions).
- Covalent bonds form between nonmetals through mutual attraction for shared electrons, where electron sharing occurs.
Characteristics of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
- Ionic compounds are characterized by the transfer of electrons, considerable differences in properties from elemental components.
- Covalent bonding involves a balance of attractive forces (between nuclei and electrons) and repulsive forces (within electrons and protons).
Formulas and Representations
- Chemical formulas indicate the composition and stoichiometry of substances (e.g., C2H6O for ethanol).
- Types of chemical formulas: Molecular (exact atom count), Empirical (simplest ratio), Structural (connections between atoms).
Models and Molecules
- Molecular models include ball-and-stick and space-filling models, providing visual representation of molecular structure.
- Diatomic molecules consist of pairs of the same atom (e.g., N2, O2), while polyatomic molecules involve multiple atoms (e.g., P4).
Ionic vs. Molecular Compounds
- Ionic compounds contain metal and nonmetal components, while molecular compounds involve nonmetals connected by covalent bonds.
Predicting and Naming Ionic Compounds
- Ionic compounds can form from combinations of metal, nonmetal, or polyatomic ions, achieving a net charge of zero.
- Common oxidation states: Alkali metals (+1), Alkaline earth metals (+2), Halogens (-1), Aluminum (+3), and varied states for other nonmetals.
Common Polyatomic Ions
- Examples include Acetate (C2H3O2-), Carbonate (CO32-), Hydroxide (OH-), and Nitrate (NO3-), among others.
Naming Conventions
- Ionic compounds with alkali/alkaline earth metals are named using the metal's cation name followed by the nonmetal's anion name in -ide.
- For transition metals, metal oxidation states are indicated with Roman numerals.
- Hydrates involve an ionic compound and water; named using prefixes indicating the number of water molecules.
Naming Hydrate Compounds
- The number of water molecules in hydrates is prefixed (e.g., hexahydrate for six water molecules).
Molecular Compound Naming
- Named based on the most metallic nonmetal first, followed by the second nonmetal with an -ide ending, incorporating prefixes to indicate quantities.
Acids
- Acids release hydrogen ions in water, characterized by a sour taste and low pH values. Examples include hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Determining Molecular Formulas
- To determine molecular formulas, calculate the mole ratio from elemental composition to find the empirical formula.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Chemistry Chapter 3. Learn about the formation of compounds and the nature of bonds between atoms. These key concepts are essential for understanding the basics of chemistry.
