Chemistry Chapter 2 Terms Flashcards

Questions and Answers

How many of the 92 naturally occurring elements are normally found in the human body?

To change an atom into an atom of a different element, you would need to change the number of?

Protons in the atom

The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of?

Protons

Helium has two protons and therefore has how many electron shell(s)?

1 Signup and view all the answers

What is an anion?

a negatively charged ion Signup and view all the answers

What is a cation?

a positively charged ion Signup and view all the answers

Ionic compounds normally exist in which physical state?

as a solid Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a molecule and a compound?

H2O Signup and view all the answers

What is a suspension?

when materials mix with liquid or suspending medium for some time but eventually settle out Signup and view all the answers

What is used as a basis for the pH scale?

The concentration of H+ in moles per liter Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic shared by all organic molecules?

they contain a carbon skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Compounds that have the general formula CH2O are?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Which pentose sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are double-ringed purines?

Adenine and Guanine Signup and view all the answers

What are fibrous proteins?

proteins that are insoluble in water and have parallel long polypeptide chains Signup and view all the answers

What are enzymes?

Catalysts that are most commonly proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions and remain unchanged after the reaction Signup and view all the answers

Conversion of energy from potential to kinetic will generally release what?

Heat Signup and view all the answers

Many reactions in the body consist of both synthesis and decomposition reactions and are called?

exchange reactions Signup and view all the answers

If energy is required to make a reaction occur, it is a what kind of reaction?

synthesis reaction Signup and view all the answers

Catabolism is to anabolism as what is to what?

exergonic is to endergonic Signup and view all the answers

Stored energy that is available to do work is called what?

Potential Energy Signup and view all the answers

Identify this reaction: AB < --- > A + B

Reversible Reactions Signup and view all the answers

Products with less energy than the initial reactants are produced in what kind of reaction?

Endergonic reactions Signup and view all the answers

The total amount of energy at the beginning of a reaction is the same at the end of the reaction.

True Signup and view all the answers

The energy required to start a chemical reaction is called?

Activation energy Signup and view all the answers

In oxidation-reduction reactions, the reduced substance gains _ and __.

Electrons and energy Signup and view all the answers

If energy is released as a reaction occurs, what kind of reaction is it?

Exergonic Reaction Signup and view all the answers

In a reaction, the loss of one or more electrons from a molecule is called?

Oxidation Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to all chemical reactions that occur in the body?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Elements and Atoms

92 naturally occurring elements exist on Earth; 26 are typically found in the human body.
Changing an atom into a different element requires altering the number of protons in the atom.
The atomic number of an element is based on the number of protons it possesses.

Electron Shells and Ions

Helium, with two protons, has 1 electron shell.
Anions are negatively charged ions, while cations are positively charged ions.
Ionic compounds commonly exist in solid state.

Compounds and Suspensions

A molecule and a compound example is H2O (water).
Suspensions involve materials that mix with a liquid but eventually settle out over time.

pH and Organic Molecules

The pH scale is based on the concentration of H+ ions, measured in moles per liter.
All organic molecules share the characteristic of containing a carbon skeleton.

Carbohydrates and Nucleic Acids

Compounds with the general formula CH2O are classified as carbohydrates.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the pentose sugar deoxyribose.
The purines adenine and guanine are double-ringed structures.

Proteins and Enzymes

Fibrous proteins are insoluble in water, featuring long parallel polypeptide chains.
Enzymes, which are usually proteins ending in -ase, act as catalysts to speed chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

Energy and Chemical Reactions

Energy conversion from potential to kinetic typically releases heat.
Reactions may consist of synthesis and decomposition, categorized as exchange reactions.
Synthesis reactions require energy input to occur.

Energy Relationships

Catabolism relates to anabolism in context of exergonic vs. endergonic reactions.
Potential energy is stored energy that can perform work.
Reversible reactions can be represented as AB <--- A + B.

Reaction Types

Endergonic reactions produce products with less energy than reactants.
The principle that total energy remains constant throughout a reaction is affirmed; initial energy equals final energy.
Activation energy is the energy necessary to initiate a chemical reaction.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

In oxidation-reduction reactions, the reduced substance gains electrons and energy.
Exergonic reactions release energy as they progress.
Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons from a molecule, a process associated with negative charges from oxygen.

Overall Chemical Processes

Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions occurring within the body.

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Description

Test your understanding of key terms from Chemistry Chapter 2 with these flashcards. Learn about elements, atomic structure, and the fundamentals that shape our understanding of matter. Perfect for revision and enhancing your chemistry vocabulary.