Chemistry Chapter 2 Quiz
187 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of a physical property?

  • It remains constant and does not change over time. (correct)
  • It is a characteristic that can only be observed when a substance changes into a different substance.
  • It describes a substance's ability to undergo a chemical change.
  • It is an observation regarding the composition of the substance.

    • Which process specifically involves a chemical change?

  • Grinding teeth to remove stains.
  • Bleaching with hydrogen peroxide. (correct)
  • Surface whitening using baking soda.
  • Rinsing teeth with water.

    • What is a common misconception about whitening teeth?

  • Teeth naturally darken with age.
  • Whiter teeth are healthier. (correct)
  • Surface whitening does not remove deep stains.
  • Whitening procedures are permanent. (correct)

    • Which of the following is an example of a chemical property?

    <p>Flammability of gasoline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to teeth as one ages?

    <p>They can range in color from off-white to yellow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the whitening process?

    <p>It requires periodic repetition to maintain results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of baking soda in surface whitening?

    <p>To scrape away surface stains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of cosmetic tooth whitening methods?

    <p>The long-term effects have not been thoroughly researched.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the noble gases so stable?

    <p>They have a full outer electron shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of electrons in the outer orbit of an element and its reactivity?

    <p>Elements with more electrons in their outer orbit are more reactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an atom and an ion?

    <p>An atom is neutral, while an ion has a charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are alkali metals highly reactive?

    <p>They have one electron in their outer orbit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyponatremia, and why is it dangerous?

    <p>A condition caused by a lack of sodium ions in the blood, which can lead to disorientation, loss of balance, and even death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar chemical properties?

    <p>They have the same number of electrons in their outer orbit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Bohr-Rutherford diagram used for?

    <p>To illustrate the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in reactivity between the alkali metals and the noble gases?

    <p>Alkali metals are very reactive, while noble gases are very unreactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a water molecule?

    <p>2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of potassium may have led to its ban in some high schools?

    <p>It reacts violently with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between elements in the same period and elements in the same group on the periodic table?

    <p>Elements in the same period have the same number of energy levels, while elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of calcium and phosphorus ions in the body?

    <p>They are essential components of bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a pure substance made up of two or more elements in a fixed ratio?

    <p>Compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why atoms are electrically neutral?

    <p>They have an equal number of protons and electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in the number of outermost electrons within a period on the periodic table?

    <p>The number of outermost electrons increases from left to right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided content, what is one unusual physical property of element (iv) in Figure 7?

    <p>It is a liquid at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for ammonium nitrate?

    <p>NH4NO3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for copper(II) nitrate?

    <p>Cu(NO3)2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is used in the dyeing of silk?

    <p>SnPO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common ending for the name of a polyatomic anion?

    <p>-ate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for calcium chlorate?

    <p>Ca(ClO3)2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the first orbit of an atom?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements in the periodic table is known as the noble gases?

    <p>Group 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the atomic number of an element?

    <p>Total number of protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a Bohr–Rutherford diagram, where are electrons located?

    <p>In orbits around the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes metals?

    <p>Metals are typically malleable and shiny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many protons does a carbon atom contain?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is classified as a halogen?

    <p>Fluorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about alkali metals?

    <p>They are reactive with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements has a mass number of 7?

    <p>Lithium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is common among non-metals?

    <p>Generally brittle when solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when alkali metals react with water?

    <p>They produce hydrogen gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines how many electron orbits an atom has?

    <p>Its atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of electrical conductivity, what is true about metals?

    <p>They are conductors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a subatomic particle of an atom?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ionic charge of a sodium ion?

    <p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions has a negative charge?

    <p>F−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do sodium ions not form Na2+ ions?

    <p>They can only lose one electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ion is an aluminum ion, Al3+?

    <p>Cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cations from anions?

    <p>Cations lose electrons; anions gain electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do halogens form stable ions?

    <p>By gaining one electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which noble gas is most similar in electron configuration to a sodium ion?

    <p>Ne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a fluoride ion after it gains an electron?

    <p>-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions can sulfur form?

    <p>S2−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the electron configuration of fluorine when it becomes F−?

    <p>It gains one electron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are classified as anions?

    <p>Cl− and S2−</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for a magnesium ion?

    <p>Mg2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cations have in common?

    <p>They have more protons than electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons in a fluoride ion?

    <p>Protons are greater than electrons by one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What charge does a sodium ion typically carry?

    <p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anions have ______ electrons than protons.

    <p>more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is a cation?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common suffix for many anions?

    <p>-ide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do positive and negative ions attract each other to form?

    <p>Ionic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements typically forms a +2 cation?

    <p>Calcium (Ca)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed between cations and anions?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion has the same electron arrangement as a noble gas?

    <p>Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of the ion formed by oxygen?

    <p>-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary behavior of metals when they form ions?

    <p>Lose electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is likely to form a -1 anion?

    <p>Bromine (Br)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is correctly matched with its charge?

    <p>Fe3+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ionic bond result from?

    <p>Electron transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature allows ions to be stable?

    <p>Complete outer orbits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of sodium ions to chloride ions in a sodium chloride crystal?

    <p>1:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element can react with chlorine gas to form aluminum chloride?

    <p>Aluminum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ionic compounds when they dissolve in water?

    <p>They separate into ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of ionic compounds usually results in them being hard and brittle?

    <p>Strong ionic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are most ionic compounds considered electrolytes?

    <p>They dissolve in water to produce ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When aluminum reacts with chlorine, how many chlorine atoms does one aluminum atom react with?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows water to surround ions as they dissolve from ionic crystals?

    <p>Polarity of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of elements typically react to form ionic compounds?

    <p>Metal and non-metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of aluminum chloride?

    <p>Antiperspirants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do solutions containing ions conduct electricity better than pure water?

    <p>Ions are free to move in the solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of sodium chloride crystals under a microscope?

    <p>Cubes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when ionic compounds are subjected to forces?

    <p>They shatter easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is primarily responsible for the formation of ionic compounds?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the structure of ionic compounds affect their solubility?

    <p>Water molecules can break the ionic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of the phosphate ion (PO4) in sodium phosphate?

    <p>-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal ion is associated with more than one charge?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper name for the compound Na2CO3?

    <p>Sodium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for copper(II) nitrate?

    <p>Cu(NO3)2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many sodium ions are present in one formula unit of sodium phosphate?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of polyatomic ions?

    <p>They act as single charged particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound would be named using the Roman numeral for its metal cation?

    <p>Fe(NO3)3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of swirling the solution during the experiment?

    <p>To incorporate atmospheric oxygen into the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct naming convention for the compound (NH4)3PO4?

    <p>Ammonium phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ions when sodium phosphate dissolves in water?

    <p>Ions separate into individual ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the naming of ionic compounds?

    <p>The ending of the non-metal's name is changed to 'ide'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should spills on the skin be handled during a lab experiment?

    <p>Wash immediately with plenty of cold water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of polyatomic ions?

    <p>They can consist of two or more atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a complete chemical formula for ionic compounds?

    <p>It must balance the overall charge to be zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ionic charge of the ammonium ion?

    <p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the systematic name for the compound traditionally called blue vitriol?

    <p>Copper(II) sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polyatomic ion is commonly associated with bleach?

    <p>Hypochlorite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the ionic formula when elements with different charges combine?

    <p>The charges must balance to zero in the final formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In naming a compound with a polyatomic ion, which part of the name changes?

    <p>The anion name changes based on ion type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall charge in Na3PO4?

    <p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these ions is correctly paired with its formula?

    <p>Phosphate ion, PO4–3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must the subscript ‘1’ be omitted in chemical formulas?

    <p>Because it is understood in chemistry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using Roman numerals in naming ionic compounds?

    <p>They represent the charge of the metal ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct chemical formula for aluminum oxide?

    <p>Al2O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is correctly formulated based on ionic charging?

    <p>Tin(IV) chloride, SnCl4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chloride ions are needed to balance one magnesium ion in magnesium chloride?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are nitrite ions considered potentially harmful when ingested?

    <p>They react to form nitrosamines associated with cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sodium in processed foods?

    <p>It enhances flavor and prolongs shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metal ion is paired with the name iron(III)?

    <p>Fe3+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using the crisscross method, what is the simplified chemical formula of aluminum nitride given the charges of aluminum and nitrogen?

    <p>AlN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ratio should ionic compounds balance their positive and negative charges?

    <p>They must equal zero overall, regardless of ions present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the zero-sum rule state about the charges in a chemical compound?

    <p>The total positive charge must equal the total negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical name for the compound FeCl2?

    <p>Iron(II) chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When writing the chemical formula for copper(I) sulfide, what is the correct formula?

    <p>CuS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound contains copper with a +2 charge?

    <p>CuCl2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in determining the chemical formula for an ionic compound?

    <p>Write the symbols for the ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents the charge of the aluminum ion in aluminum oxide?

    <p>+3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In iron(III) chloride, how many chloride ions are present for each iron ion?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the crisscross method?

    <p>It can yield identical subscripts, which must be simplified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the name of the compound PbO2?

    <p>Lead(IV) oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cations can have multiple ionic charges?

    <p>Fe3+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a physical property?

    <p>Flammability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern regarding the disposal of NiCd batteries?

    <p>They leak toxic cadmium into the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

    <p>A physical change is reversible while a chemical change is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

    <p>Burning wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a rechargeable battery?

    <p>To store chemical energy that can be later converted into electrical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Cadmium Cleanout' citizen action campaign?

    <p>To raise awareness about the dangers of cadmium pollution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a chemical property of hair dyes?

    <p>Ability to change the hair's color permanently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective way to prevent cadmium pollution from NiCd batteries?

    <p>Recycle them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes the difference between temporary and permanent hair dyes?

    <p>Temporary dyes do not involve chemical changes, while permanent dyes do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'Summarizing Text' section?

    <p>To show how to condense information from a longer text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clue that a chemical change might have occurred?

    <p>A change in shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cadmium considered an environmental concern?

    <p>It is highly toxic and cannot be broken down into a safer substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't we determine if a chemical change has occurred simply by observing a change in appearance?

    <p>Many physical changes also involve changes in appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to determine if a chemical change has taken place?

    <p>By conducting further tests on the resulting substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point of the 'What It's Like and What It Does' section?

    <p>To explain how properties and changes are related.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of the waste paint brought to a hazardous waste depot can be recycled?

    <p>Almost 85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary process used to recycle propane canisters?

    <p>Propane is removed by a vacuum system, then the canisters are punctured, cut, and recycled as scrap metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main form of treatment for fluorescent lights at a hazardous waste processing facility?

    <p>The mercury is collected, purified, and reused.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do workers at a hazardous waste collection depot initially process the waste they receive?

    <p>They immediately separate the waste into different materials based on their potential for recycling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to lead-acid car batteries at a hazardous waste processing facility?

    <p>The acid is neutralized, the plastic cases are recycled, and the lead is refined to make new batteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hotz Environmental Services do with the waste paint they receive?

    <p>They sort the paint by type and color and sell it to institutional users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common type of household hazardous waste mentioned in the text?

    <p>Food scraps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the material that arrives at a hazardous waste transfer station is made up of paint and motor oil?

    <p>About 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is hydrogen categorized separately on the periodic table?

    <p>Hydrogen has properties of both metals and nonmetals, but it is not a true metal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why the periodic table is a valuable tool for chemists?

    <p>It allows chemists to predict and explain the properties of elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of elements is known for its high reactivity?

    <p>Halogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of alkali metals?

    <p>They are typically found in their pure form in nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the periodic table?

    <p>To classify elements according to their properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about noble gases?

    <p>They are so stable that they rarely react with other elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a hazardous household waste that can be recycled?

    <p>Used cooking oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to make a difference in reducing the amount of hazardous waste that ends up in the environment?

    <p>Properly dispose of hazardous waste at a collection depot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a loud pop when a lit match is placed at the mouth of a test tube containing hydrogen gas?

    <p>The hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen in the air, producing heat and expanding the volume of the gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a chemical property of chlorine bleach?

    <p>It has a strong odor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why cleaning a kettle with vinegar results in a chemical change?

    <p>The vinegar reacts with the scale, forming new substances and causing bubbles of gas to form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ideal characteristic should solvents used in house paint have in order to prevent the paint from cracking and peeling after drying?

    <p>They should have low volatility to prevent rapid evaporation and cracking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the cleaning of a battery terminal with cola considered a chemical change?

    <p>The cola reacts with the crusty solid, forming new substances and releasing carbon dioxide gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why drain cleaners produce a great deal of heat when unclogging drains?

    <p>The drain cleaner reacts with the clogging material, producing new substances and releasing energy as heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the formation of curds in milk when vinegar is added considered a chemical change?

    <p>The vinegar reacts with the milk proteins, changing their structure and forming new substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a physical property of the materials used for dental braces?

    <p>They can react with other materials in the mouth, causing discoloration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why only about 10% of Ontario households routinely bring their hazardous waste to collection depots?

    <p>People are unaware of the environmental hazards posed by improper disposal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hazardous waste is processed by burning it as fuel in high-temperature kilns?

    <p>Solvents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hazardous waste is treated using a vacuum system to remove any remaining contents?

    <p>Propane barbecue tanks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of blending waste paint into different color groups?

    <p>To sell the recycled paint to large institutional users at a higher price.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of hazardous waste disposal, what does "neutralize" mean?

    <p>To make hazardous waste harmless.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a potential environmental threat associated with improper disposal of hazardous waste?

    <p>Increased air quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why the content emphasizes the need to "recycle or neutralize" hazardous waste?

    <p>To reduce the environmental impact of hazardous waste and promote sustainability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula of lithium oxide?

    <p>Li2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the formation of an ionic compound?

    <p>The resulting compound is electrically neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds would release sodium ions when dissolved in water?

    <p>NaF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct chemical formula for the compound formed when element X (with 3 valence electrons) reacts with element Y (with 7 valence electrons)?

    <p>XY3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a pickle better than a raw cucumber for a simple electric circuit?

    <p>Pickles contain salt, which increases their conductivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons does a chlorine atom gain to become a stable ion?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of elements are most likely to form an ionic bond?

    <p>Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the non-metal ion in the compound magnesium chloride?

    <p>Chloride ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for the compound formed when two silver ions (Ag+) combine with one sulfide ion (S2-)?

    <p>Ag2S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is NOT released when the compound Li3N is dissolved in water?

    <p>O2-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of water molecules in preventing dissolved ions from recombining to form a solid?

    <p>Water molecules attract the ions, preventing them from coming close enough to bond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the electrical conductivity of pure water, tap water, and seawater?

    <p>Seawater is the best conductor of electricity because of its dissolved salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it impractical and expensive to produce sodium chloride from its elements (sodium and chlorine)?

    <p>Sodium is highly reactive and difficult to handle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following common renewable energy sources could be used to extract sodium chloride from seawater?

    <p>Solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the trend in the melting point data for Group 1 chlorides, what is the approximate predicted melting point of francium chloride (FrCl)?

    <p>572 °C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physical and Chemical Properties

    • A physical property describes a substance without creating a new substance. Examples include color, texture, density, smell, solubility, taste, melting point, and physical state.
    • A chemical property describes how a substance behaves as it changes into one or more new substances. Examples include reaction with an acid/base, flammability, bleaching ability, and corrosion.

    Physical and Chemical Changes

    • A physical change does not create a new substance. Changes of state (melting, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, dissolving) are physical changes. Some can be reversed, others cannot (e.g., dissolving sugar vs. cutting logs).
    • A chemical change creates one or more new substances. Chemical reactions provide cues to a chemical change but aren't definitive proof (e.g., gas formation). The only sure way to determine a chemical change is further testing of the products. Some chemical changes are reversible (like rechargeable batteries), while others are not (like combustion).

    Hazardous Waste Processing

    • Processing hazardous waste involves sorting materials (paints, oils, solvents, pesticides, batteries, medicines).
    • Sorted materials are packaged and shipped for treatment and recycling.
    • Examples include burning solvents for cement production, neutralizing acids in batteries, recycling lead, and safely recycling propane tanks.

    Elements, the Periodic Table, and Atomic Structure

    • Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further.
    • The periodic table organizes elements by increasing atomic number, classifying them into periods (rows) and groups (columns) with similar properties.
    • Elements are classified as metals, non-metals, and metalloids, having different physical characteristics (e.g., state at room temperature, lustre, electrical conductivity).
    • Hydrogen exhibits some metallic properties, but is not usually categorized as a metal.
    • An atom's nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, and electrons orbit around the nucleus.
    • Most of an atom's volume is empty space.

    Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams and Electron Arrangements

    • Bohr-Rutherford diagrams represent electron orbits around an atom's nucleus.
    • The first electron orbit holds a maximum of two electrons; subsequent orbits typically hold up to eight.
    • The period number represents the number of electron orbits an element's atoms possess.
    • The number of electrons in the outermost orbit influences an element's reactivity.
    • The stability of filled outer electron orbits is crucial for understanding element combinations and compound formation.

    Ions

    • Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons, becoming charged particles (cations are positive, anions are negative).
    • Alkali metals readily lose one electron to form +1 ions. Halogens readily gain one electron to form -1 ions.
    • Ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions held together by ionic bonds, maintaining electrical neutrality (equal positive and negative charges).

    Polyatomic Ions

    • Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms acting as a single charged particle.
    • Polyatomic ions' ionic charges are shared amongst the atoms.
    • Many ions have complete outer orbits, thus are stable.
    • Common polyatomic ions, such as nitrate (NO3-), hydroxide (OH-), sulfate (SO42-), phosphate (PO43-), and carbonate (CO32-), have characteristic names with the "-ate" suffix.

    Ionic Compounds: Names and Formulas

    • Ionic compounds are named with the metal first, followed by the non-metal ending with "ide".
    • Some metals form ions with multiple charges (e.g., iron(II) and iron(III)). Roman numerals indicate these charges in the compound's name.
    • The chemical formula shows the simplest ratio of ions required for electrical neutrality.
    • The "crisscross" method helps determine formulas.
    • Ionic compounds are hard, brittle solids with high melting points. They are often electrolytes.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on physical and chemical properties, the periodic table, and the effects of aging on teeth with this quiz. Dive into questions about reactivity, whitening processes, and key chemical concepts. Ideal for students studying introductory chemistry concepts.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser