Chemistry Chapter 2 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of a physical property?

  • It remains constant and does not change over time. (correct)
  • It is a characteristic that can only be observed when a substance changes into a different substance.
  • It describes a substance's ability to undergo a chemical change.
  • It is an observation regarding the composition of the substance.

Which process specifically involves a chemical change?

  • Grinding teeth to remove stains.
  • Bleaching with hydrogen peroxide. (correct)
  • Surface whitening using baking soda.
  • Rinsing teeth with water.

What is a common misconception about whitening teeth?

  • Teeth naturally darken with age.
  • Whiter teeth are healthier. (correct)
  • Surface whitening does not remove deep stains.
  • Whitening procedures are permanent. (correct)

Which of the following is an example of a chemical property?

<p>Flammability of gasoline. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to teeth as one ages?

<p>They can range in color from off-white to yellow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the whitening process?

<p>It requires periodic repetition to maintain results. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of baking soda in surface whitening?

<p>To scrape away surface stains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of cosmetic tooth whitening methods?

<p>The long-term effects have not been thoroughly researched. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the noble gases so stable?

<p>They have a full outer electron shell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of electrons in the outer orbit of an element and its reactivity?

<p>Elements with more electrons in their outer orbit are more reactive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an atom and an ion?

<p>An atom is neutral, while an ion has a charge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are alkali metals highly reactive?

<p>They have one electron in their outer orbit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyponatremia, and why is it dangerous?

<p>A condition caused by a lack of sodium ions in the blood, which can lead to disorientation, loss of balance, and even death. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar chemical properties?

<p>They have the same number of electrons in their outer orbit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Bohr-Rutherford diagram used for?

<p>To illustrate the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in reactivity between the alkali metals and the noble gases?

<p>Alkali metals are very reactive, while noble gases are very unreactive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a water molecule?

<p>2:1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of potassium may have led to its ban in some high schools?

<p>It reacts violently with water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between elements in the same period and elements in the same group on the periodic table?

<p>Elements in the same period have the same number of energy levels, while elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium and phosphorus ions in the body?

<p>They are essential components of bone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a pure substance made up of two or more elements in a fixed ratio?

<p>Compound (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why atoms are electrically neutral?

<p>They have an equal number of protons and electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trend in the number of outermost electrons within a period on the periodic table?

<p>The number of outermost electrons increases from left to right. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided content, what is one unusual physical property of element (iv) in Figure 7?

<p>It is a liquid at room temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for ammonium nitrate?

<p>NH4NO3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for copper(II) nitrate?

<p>Cu(NO3)2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is used in the dyeing of silk?

<p>SnPO4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common ending for the name of a polyatomic anion?

<p>-ate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for calcium chlorate?

<p>Ca(ClO3)2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the first orbit of an atom?

<p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of elements in the periodic table is known as the noble gases?

<p>Group 18 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the atomic number of an element?

<p>Total number of protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Bohr–Rutherford diagram, where are electrons located?

<p>In orbits around the nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes metals?

<p>Metals are typically malleable and shiny (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many protons does a carbon atom contain?

<p>6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is classified as a halogen?

<p>Fluorine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about alkali metals?

<p>They are reactive with water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements has a mass number of 7?

<p>Lithium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is common among non-metals?

<p>Generally brittle when solid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when alkali metals react with water?

<p>They produce hydrogen gas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines how many electron orbits an atom has?

<p>Its atomic number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of electrical conductivity, what is true about metals?

<p>They are conductors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a subatomic particle of an atom?

<p>Nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ionic charge of a sodium ion?

<p>+1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions has a negative charge?

<p>F− (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do sodium ions not form Na2+ ions?

<p>They can only lose one electron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ion is an aluminum ion, Al3+?

<p>Cation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes cations from anions?

<p>Cations lose electrons; anions gain electrons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do halogens form stable ions?

<p>By gaining one electron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which noble gas is most similar in electron configuration to a sodium ion?

<p>Ne (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of a fluoride ion after it gains an electron?

<p>-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions can sulfur form?

<p>S2− (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the electron configuration of fluorine when it becomes F−?

<p>It gains one electron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are classified as anions?

<p>Cl− and S2− (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical symbol for a magnesium ion?

<p>Mg2+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cations have in common?

<p>They have more protons than electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons in a fluoride ion?

<p>Protons are greater than electrons by one. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What charge does a sodium ion typically carry?

<p>+1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anions have ______ electrons than protons.

<p>more (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is a cation?

<p>Na+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common suffix for many anions?

<p>-ide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do positive and negative ions attract each other to form?

<p>Ionic compounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements typically forms a +2 cation?

<p>Calcium (Ca) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between cations and anions?

<p>Ionic bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion has the same electron arrangement as a noble gas?

<p>Na+ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the ion formed by oxygen?

<p>-2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary behavior of metals when they form ions?

<p>Lose electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is likely to form a -1 anion?

<p>Bromine (Br) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is correctly matched with its charge?

<p>Fe3+ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ionic bond result from?

<p>Electron transfer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature allows ions to be stable?

<p>Complete outer orbits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of sodium ions to chloride ions in a sodium chloride crystal?

<p>1:1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element can react with chlorine gas to form aluminum chloride?

<p>Aluminum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ionic compounds when they dissolve in water?

<p>They separate into ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of ionic compounds usually results in them being hard and brittle?

<p>Strong ionic bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are most ionic compounds considered electrolytes?

<p>They dissolve in water to produce ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When aluminum reacts with chlorine, how many chlorine atoms does one aluminum atom react with?

<p>3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows water to surround ions as they dissolve from ionic crystals?

<p>Polarity of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of elements typically react to form ionic compounds?

<p>Metal and non-metal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of aluminum chloride?

<p>Antiperspirants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do solutions containing ions conduct electricity better than pure water?

<p>Ions are free to move in the solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of sodium chloride crystals under a microscope?

<p>Cubes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when ionic compounds are subjected to forces?

<p>They shatter easily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is primarily responsible for the formation of ionic compounds?

<p>Ionic bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the structure of ionic compounds affect their solubility?

<p>Water molecules can break the ionic bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the phosphate ion (PO4) in sodium phosphate?

<p>-3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metal ion is associated with more than one charge?

<p>Iron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proper name for the compound Na2CO3?

<p>Sodium carbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for copper(II) nitrate?

<p>Cu(NO3)2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many sodium ions are present in one formula unit of sodium phosphate?

<p>3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of polyatomic ions?

<p>They act as single charged particles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound would be named using the Roman numeral for its metal cation?

<p>Fe(NO3)3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of swirling the solution during the experiment?

<p>To incorporate atmospheric oxygen into the reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct naming convention for the compound (NH4)3PO4?

<p>Ammonium phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ions when sodium phosphate dissolves in water?

<p>Ions separate into individual ions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the naming of ionic compounds?

<p>The ending of the non-metal's name is changed to 'ide' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should spills on the skin be handled during a lab experiment?

<p>Wash immediately with plenty of cold water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of polyatomic ions?

<p>They can consist of two or more atoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a complete chemical formula for ionic compounds?

<p>It must balance the overall charge to be zero (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ionic charge of the ammonium ion?

<p>+1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic name for the compound traditionally called blue vitriol?

<p>Copper(II) sulfate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polyatomic ion is commonly associated with bleach?

<p>Hypochlorite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ionic formula when elements with different charges combine?

<p>The charges must balance to zero in the final formula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In naming a compound with a polyatomic ion, which part of the name changes?

<p>The anion name changes based on ion type. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall charge in Na3PO4?

<p>0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these ions is correctly paired with its formula?

<p>Phosphate ion, PO4–3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must the subscript ‘1’ be omitted in chemical formulas?

<p>Because it is understood in chemistry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of using Roman numerals in naming ionic compounds?

<p>They represent the charge of the metal ion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct chemical formula for aluminum oxide?

<p>Al2O3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is correctly formulated based on ionic charging?

<p>Tin(IV) chloride, SnCl4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chloride ions are needed to balance one magnesium ion in magnesium chloride?

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are nitrite ions considered potentially harmful when ingested?

<p>They react to form nitrosamines associated with cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of sodium in processed foods?

<p>It enhances flavor and prolongs shelf life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which metal ion is paired with the name iron(III)?

<p>Fe3+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the crisscross method, what is the simplified chemical formula of aluminum nitride given the charges of aluminum and nitrogen?

<p>AlN (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ratio should ionic compounds balance their positive and negative charges?

<p>They must equal zero overall, regardless of ions present (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the zero-sum rule state about the charges in a chemical compound?

<p>The total positive charge must equal the total negative charge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical name for the compound FeCl2?

<p>Iron(II) chloride (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When writing the chemical formula for copper(I) sulfide, what is the correct formula?

<p>CuS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound contains copper with a +2 charge?

<p>CuCl2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in determining the chemical formula for an ionic compound?

<p>Write the symbols for the ions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the charge of the aluminum ion in aluminum oxide?

<p>+3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In iron(III) chloride, how many chloride ions are present for each iron ion?

<p>3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the crisscross method?

<p>It can yield identical subscripts, which must be simplified. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the name of the compound PbO2?

<p>Lead(IV) oxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cations can have multiple ionic charges?

<p>Fe3+ (A), Cu2+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a physical property?

<p>Flammability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concern regarding the disposal of NiCd batteries?

<p>They leak toxic cadmium into the environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a physical change and a chemical change?

<p>A physical change is reversible while a chemical change is not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

<p>Burning wood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a rechargeable battery?

<p>To store chemical energy that can be later converted into electrical energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Cadmium Cleanout' citizen action campaign?

<p>To raise awareness about the dangers of cadmium pollution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a chemical property of hair dyes?

<p>Ability to change the hair's color permanently (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective way to prevent cadmium pollution from NiCd batteries?

<p>Recycle them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST describes the difference between temporary and permanent hair dyes?

<p>Temporary dyes do not involve chemical changes, while permanent dyes do. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 'Summarizing Text' section?

<p>To show how to condense information from a longer text. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clue that a chemical change might have occurred?

<p>A change in shape. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is cadmium considered an environmental concern?

<p>It is highly toxic and cannot be broken down into a safer substance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't we determine if a chemical change has occurred simply by observing a change in appearance?

<p>Many physical changes also involve changes in appearance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to determine if a chemical change has taken place?

<p>By conducting further tests on the resulting substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main point of the 'What It's Like and What It Does' section?

<p>To explain how properties and changes are related. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much of the waste paint brought to a hazardous waste depot can be recycled?

<p>Almost 85% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process used to recycle propane canisters?

<p>Propane is removed by a vacuum system, then the canisters are punctured, cut, and recycled as scrap metal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main form of treatment for fluorescent lights at a hazardous waste processing facility?

<p>The mercury is collected, purified, and reused. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do workers at a hazardous waste collection depot initially process the waste they receive?

<p>They immediately separate the waste into different materials based on their potential for recycling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to lead-acid car batteries at a hazardous waste processing facility?

<p>The acid is neutralized, the plastic cases are recycled, and the lead is refined to make new batteries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Hotz Environmental Services do with the waste paint they receive?

<p>They sort the paint by type and color and sell it to institutional users. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common type of household hazardous waste mentioned in the text?

<p>Food scraps (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the material that arrives at a hazardous waste transfer station is made up of paint and motor oil?

<p>About 50% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is hydrogen categorized separately on the periodic table?

<p>Hydrogen has properties of both metals and nonmetals, but it is not a true metal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the periodic table is a valuable tool for chemists?

<p>It allows chemists to predict and explain the properties of elements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of elements is known for its high reactivity?

<p>Halogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of alkali metals?

<p>They are typically found in their pure form in nature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the periodic table?

<p>To classify elements according to their properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about noble gases?

<p>They are so stable that they rarely react with other elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hazardous household waste that can be recycled?

<p>Used cooking oil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to make a difference in reducing the amount of hazardous waste that ends up in the environment?

<p>Properly dispose of hazardous waste at a collection depot. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a loud pop when a lit match is placed at the mouth of a test tube containing hydrogen gas?

<p>The hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen in the air, producing heat and expanding the volume of the gas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a chemical property of chlorine bleach?

<p>It has a strong odor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why cleaning a kettle with vinegar results in a chemical change?

<p>The vinegar reacts with the scale, forming new substances and causing bubbles of gas to form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ideal characteristic should solvents used in house paint have in order to prevent the paint from cracking and peeling after drying?

<p>They should have low volatility to prevent rapid evaporation and cracking. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the cleaning of a battery terminal with cola considered a chemical change?

<p>The cola reacts with the crusty solid, forming new substances and releasing carbon dioxide gas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why drain cleaners produce a great deal of heat when unclogging drains?

<p>The drain cleaner reacts with the clogging material, producing new substances and releasing energy as heat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the formation of curds in milk when vinegar is added considered a chemical change?

<p>The vinegar reacts with the milk proteins, changing their structure and forming new substances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a physical property of the materials used for dental braces?

<p>They can react with other materials in the mouth, causing discoloration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why only about 10% of Ontario households routinely bring their hazardous waste to collection depots?

<p>People are unaware of the environmental hazards posed by improper disposal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hazardous waste is processed by burning it as fuel in high-temperature kilns?

<p>Solvents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hazardous waste is treated using a vacuum system to remove any remaining contents?

<p>Propane barbecue tanks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of blending waste paint into different color groups?

<p>To sell the recycled paint to large institutional users at a higher price. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of hazardous waste disposal, what does "neutralize" mean?

<p>To make hazardous waste harmless. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a potential environmental threat associated with improper disposal of hazardous waste?

<p>Increased air quality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the content emphasizes the need to "recycle or neutralize" hazardous waste?

<p>To reduce the environmental impact of hazardous waste and promote sustainability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of lithium oxide?

<p>Li2O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the formation of an ionic compound?

<p>The resulting compound is electrically neutral. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds would release sodium ions when dissolved in water?

<p>NaF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct chemical formula for the compound formed when element X (with 3 valence electrons) reacts with element Y (with 7 valence electrons)?

<p>XY3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a pickle better than a raw cucumber for a simple electric circuit?

<p>Pickles contain salt, which increases their conductivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons does a chlorine atom gain to become a stable ion?

<p>1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of elements are most likely to form an ionic bond?

<p>Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the non-metal ion in the compound magnesium chloride?

<p>Chloride ion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for the compound formed when two silver ions (Ag+) combine with one sulfide ion (S2-)?

<p>Ag2S (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ions is NOT released when the compound Li3N is dissolved in water?

<p>O2- (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of water molecules in preventing dissolved ions from recombining to form a solid?

<p>Water molecules attract the ions, preventing them from coming close enough to bond. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the electrical conductivity of pure water, tap water, and seawater?

<p>Seawater is the best conductor of electricity because of its dissolved salts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it impractical and expensive to produce sodium chloride from its elements (sodium and chlorine)?

<p>Sodium is highly reactive and difficult to handle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following common renewable energy sources could be used to extract sodium chloride from seawater?

<p>Solar energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the trend in the melting point data for Group 1 chlorides, what is the approximate predicted melting point of francium chloride (FrCl)?

<p>572 °C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Physical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's chemical composition.

Chemical Property

A characteristic that describes how a substance reacts or changes into a new substance.

Flammability

The tendency of a substance to burn.

Reaction with an Acid

A chemical property that describes how a substance reacts with an acid.

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Reaction with a Base

A chemical property that describes how a substance reacts with a base.

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Chemical Change

The process of changing a substance into something new through chemical reaction.

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Physical Change

A change in the form or appearance of a substance that does not alter its chemical composition.

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Chemistry

The study of matter and its properties, as well as how substances change.

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Reversible Change

A change that can be reversed, returning the substance to its original state.

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Irreversible Change

A change that cannot be reversed, creating a new substance that cannot be easily changed back.

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Decomposability

The ability of a substance to break down into its constituent elements.

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Combustion

The chemical change that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen. Often characterized by heat and light.

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Melting

The process of a substance changing from a solid to a liquid.

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Evaporation

The process of a substance changing from a liquid to a gas.

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Condensation

The process of a substance changing from a gas to a liquid.

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Sublimation

The process of a substance changing directly from a solid to a gas, bypassing the liquid state.

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Dissolving

The process of a substance dissolving in a liquid, forming a solution.

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Precipitate

A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

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Change of State

A change in a substance's physical state, such as solid, liquid, or gas. For example, water freezing into ice or steam condensing into water.

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Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance. For example, sugar dissolving in water.

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Mass

The amount of matter in an object. A physical property that can be measured using tools like a balance.

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Volume

The amount of space an object occupies. A physical property that can be measured by looking at the object's volume.

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Compound

A substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. For example, water (H2O) is a compound made of hydrogen and oxygen.

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Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. For example, a single atom of oxygen.

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Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. For example, gold and oxygen.

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Molecule

The smallest unit of a compound that retains the chemical properties of that compound. For example, a single molecule of water.

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Hazardous Waste Sorting

The act of separating different types of hazardous waste into distinct categories.

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Hazardous Waste Collection Depot

A facility where hazardous waste is collected, sorted, and processed before being sent for further treatment or recycling.

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Neutralization of Hazardous Waste

The chemical process of transforming hazardous substances into less harmful forms or even harmless ones.

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Recycling of Hazardous Waste

The process of converting waste materials into new, usable products, often by recovering valuable components.

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Hazardous Waste Processing Company

A company specializing in the treatment and recycling of hazardous waste, often with specialized facilities and expertise.

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Household Hazardous Waste

A type of hazardous waste commonly found in homes, often stemming from products like paints, cleaners, and motor oil.

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Hazardous Waste Disposal Participation Rate

The percentage of households actively participating in the disposal of hazardous waste at designated collection depots.

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Periodic Table

A chart that organizes all known elements by their atomic number and chemical properties, revealing periodic trends.

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Period (Periodic Table)

A horizontal row on the periodic table, containing elements with different atomic numbers but sharing similar electron shell arrangements.

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Group (Periodic Table)

A vertical column on the periodic table, containing elements with the same number of valence electrons, leading to similar chemical properties.

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Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements on the periodic table (excluding hydrogen), known for their reactivity and tendency to form cations.

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Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 2 elements on the periodic table, known for their reactivity and tendency to form cations.

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Halogens

Group 17 elements on the periodic table, known for their high reactivity and tendency to form anions.

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Noble Gases

Group 18 elements on the periodic table, known for their inertness and lack of reactivity due to full valence electron shells.

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Nucleus

The positively charged core of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.

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Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

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Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus of an atom.

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Neutron

A neutral subatomic particle located in the nucleus of an atom.

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Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the element's identity.

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Bohr-Rutherford Diagram

A diagram that represents the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of an atom, where each electron orbit is shown as a ring.

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Period

A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table, with similar number of electron shells.

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Group

A vertical column of elements in the periodic table, with similar chemical properties.

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Solid

A state of matter characterized by a fixed shape and volume.

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Reactivity of Elements

The tendency of elements to react with other elements.

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Valence Electrons

The outer electrons of an atom that are involved in chemical bonding and determine an element's reactivity.

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Ion

A charged atom that has gained or lost electrons.

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Ratio

A comparison of two or more quantities. It usually involves expressing the quantities using the smallest possible whole numbers.

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Hyponatremia

A condition that occurs when the sodium concentration in the blood becomes dangerously low.

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Ionic Bond

The attraction between oppositely charged ions, forming a chemical bond.

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Stable Electron Configuration

A stable arrangement of electrons in an atom's outer shell, like those found in noble gases.

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Octet Rule

The tendency of atoms to gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

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Sodium Ion Formation

The loss of one electron by a sodium atom, resulting in a +1 charge.

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Fluoride Ion Formation

The gain of one electron by a fluorine atom, resulting in a -1 charge.

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Alkali Metal Ions

The tendency of elements in Group 1 (alkali metals) to lose one electron to form +1 ions.

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Halogen Ions

The tendency of elements in Group 17 (halogens) to gain one electron to form -1 ions.

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Outermost Orbit

The outermost energy level or shell of an atom, which contains the valence electrons.

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Noble Gas Configuration

The stable electron configuration of noble gases, with a full outer shell of electrons.

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Ionic compound

A compound formed by the electrostatic attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.

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Ion formation

The process of atoms gaining or losing electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

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Metals

A group of elements that tend to lose electrons to form cations, located in groups 1, 2, and 13 of the periodic table.

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Non-metals

A group of elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions, located in groups 15 to 17 of the periodic table.

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Ionic charge

A chemical symbol with a superscript that indicates the charge of an ion.

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Outer orbit

The outermost electron shell of an atom, where electrons participate in chemical bonding.

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Electronegativity

The tendency of an element to lose or gain electrons to form a stable ion.

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Electrostatic attraction

The attraction between the opposite charges of positive and negative ions in an ionic compound.

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Electron transfer

The process of transferring electrons from a metal to a non-metal, resulting in the formation of ionic compounds.

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Dissolving of Ionic Compounds

The process of a substance dissolving in water, splitting into individual ions that are surrounded by water molecules.

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Electrolytes

Substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in water due to the presence of free ions, which can carry an electric current.

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Valence

The number of electrons an atom gains or loses to form an ion.

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Aluminum Chloride

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is an ionic compound formed by the transfer of electrons from aluminum atoms to chlorine atoms.

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Ratio of Ions in Ionic Compound

The ratio of metal ions to non-metal ions in an ionic compound depends on the number of electrons each ion gains or loses during the formation of the compound.

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Crystals of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds typically form three-dimensional crystals where ions are arranged in a fixed, repeating pattern.

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Ionic Crystal

A three-dimensional, repeating arrangement of ions in an ionic compound.

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Unit Cell

The smallest repeating unit in a crystal, containing a specific number of ions in a specific arrangement.

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Properties of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are typically hard, brittle solids with high melting points due to the strong electrostatic forces holding the ions together.

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Formation of Ionic Compounds

A reaction between a metal and a non-metal where the metal loses electrons to form a positive ion and the non-metal gains electrons to form a negative ion.

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Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds are typically soluble in water, meaning they dissolve in water to form solutions containing free ions.

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Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Compounds

Solid ionic compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity, but when dissolved in water, they become good conductors because of the free movement of ions.

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What is a polyatomic anion?

A polyatomic anion is a negatively charged ion composed of two or more atoms.

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What is a single-element anion?

An anion made up of only one element is a negatively charged ion formed from a single atom.

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What are the sources of nitrate contamination on a farm?

Nitrate contamination in well water can originate from various sources on a farm, including fertilizer application, animal waste storage, and manure spreading.

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What is the common ending for polyatomic anion names?

The most common ending for the name of a polyatomic anion is "ate" or "ite".

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What is the common ending for single-element anion names?

The most common ending for the name of an anion made up of only one element is "ide".

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Ionic Bonding

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a non-metal atom, resulting in the formation of positively charged metal ions (cations) and negatively charged non-metal ions (anions).

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Metal Cation

A positively charged ion formed when a metal atom loses one or more electrons.

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Non-metal Anion

The process of an atom gaining one or more electrons to become a negatively charged ion.

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Chemical Formula

The chemical formula of a compound represents the types and number of atoms present in the compound.

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Naming Ionic Compounds

A chemical compound formed by the reaction of a metal and a non-metal, where the metal ion is named first and the non-metal ion ends in '-ide'.

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Subscripts in Chemical Formulas

Subscripts in a chemical formula indicate the number of atoms of each element present in a molecule or formula unit.

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Dissolving Ionic Compounds in Water

The process of dissolving an ionic compound in water, resulting in the separation of the compound into its constituent ions.

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Dissolved Ions

The ions released when an ionic compound dissolves in water, surrounded by water molecules.

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Electrical Conductivity

The ability of a substance to conduct electricity, which is often dependent on the presence of free-moving charged particles (ions or electrons).

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What does a chemical formula represent?

A chemical formula represents the ratio of ions in a compound, with the number of ions indicated by subscripts. Each ionic symbol represents one ion.

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What is the Zero-Sum Rule for ionic compounds?

The sum of all charges in a chemical formula of a compound must equal zero. This is because ionic compounds are neutral overall.

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What is the Crisscross Method?

A shortcut method for determining the chemical formula of an ionic compound. It involves crisscrossing the ionic charges of the metal and non-metal elements to get the subscripts in the formula.

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What are elements with multiple ionic charges?

Metals that can form multiple cations with different charges. These charges are indicated by Roman numerals in parentheses after the metal name.

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How do you write the name of a compound involving elements with multiple ionic charges?

The name of the compound formed when a metal with multiple ionic charges combines with a non-metal. The Roman numeral indicates the charge of the metal ion.

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What is the chemical formula for magnesium chloride?

The chemical formula for magnesium chloride is MgCl2. Magnesium has a +2 charge, and chlorine has a -1 charge. The criss-cross method tells us that we need two chloride ions to balance the charge of one magnesium ion.

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What is the chemical formula for aluminum oxide?

Aluminum oxide is Al2O3. Aluminum has a +3 charge, and oxygen has a -2 charge. To balance the charges, we need two aluminum ions and three oxygen ions. This is determined by the criss-cross method.

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What is the chemical formula for iron(II) chloride?

Iron(II) chloride is FeCl2. Iron has a +2 charge, and chlorine has a -1 charge. This means that one iron ion needs two chloride ions to balance the charge.

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What is the chemical formula for iron(III) chloride?

Iron(III) chloride is FeCl3. Iron has a +3 charge, and chlorine has a -1 charge. This means that one iron ion needs three chloride ions to balance the charge.

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What is the chemical formula for copper(II) bromide?

Copper(II) bromide is CuBr2. Copper has a +2 charge, and bromine has a -1 charge. This means that one copper ion needs two bromide ions to balance the charge.

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What is the chemical formula for lead(IV) oxide?

Lead(IV) oxide is PbO2. Lead has a +4 charge, and oxygen has a -2 charge. This means that one lead ion needs two oxygen ions to balance the charge.

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What do the subscripts in a chemical formula represent?

The subscripts in a chemical formula represent the number of ions of each element in the compound. For example, in MgCl2, the subscript 2 indicates that there are two chloride ions for every one magnesium ion.

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How is the Crisscross Method used to determine chemical formulas?

The crisscross method involves exchanging the numerical values of the charges of the ions to create the subscripts in the chemical formula. This method is a shortcut to determine the chemical formula based on the ionic charges.

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What is the significance of Roman numerals in compound names?

Metals often exhibit variable valency, meaning they can form multiple ions with different charges. These varying charges are represented using Roman numerals in parentheses after the metal's name in the compound's name.

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How do you simplify chemical formulas?

The chemical formula is the smallest possible ratio of the ions, indicating the simplest representation of the compound. For example, if the Crisscross method yields Al3N3, you simplify it to AlN as it represents the simplest ratio.

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Polyatomic Ion

An ion composed of two or more atoms bonded together and carrying a net electrical charge.

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Polyatomic Compound

A compound formed by a metal cation and a polyatomic anion.

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Naming Polyatomic Compounds

The strategy for naming compounds containing polyatomic ions is the same as for regular ionic compounds, but the anion is named based on the polyatomic ion.

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Writing Formulas for Polyatomic Compounds

When writing formulas for compounds containing polyatomic ions, treat the polyatomic ion as a single unit.

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Phosphate Pollution

An excess of phosphates in water can cause rapid growth of aquatic plants, leading to oxygen depletion and harm to aquatic life.

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Crisscross Method

A method used to determine and write the chemical formula for a compound by balancing the charges of the ions involved.

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Ionic Charge Distribution

The charge of a polyatomic ion is shared over all the atoms in the ion.

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Dissolution of Polyatomic Compounds

When a polyatomic compound dissolves in water, the polyatomic ion remains intact, acting as a single unit.

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Anion Naming Conventions

The name of a polyatomic anion usually ends in -ate, except for nitrite and hydroxide.

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Roman Numerals in Compound Naming

The metal ion in a compound can have a specific charge, which is indicated by using Roman numerals after the metal's name.

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Ammonium Compound

A chemical compound containing the positively charged ion ammonium.

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Carbonate Compound

A chemical compound containing the carbonate ion (CO3 2-), typically found in minerals like limestone and chalk.

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Hydroxide Compound

A chemical compound containing the hydroxide ion (OH-), typically found in bases and alkaline solutions.

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Nitrate Compound

A chemical compound containing the nitrate ion (NO3-), commonly found in fertilizers and explosives.

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Phosphate Compound

A chemical compound containing the phosphate ion (PO4 3-), often used in detergents and fertilizers.

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What is an ionic compound?

An ionic compound is formed when a metal ion (positively charged) and a non-metal ion (negatively charged) combine to balance their charges and create a neutral molecule.

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How are ionic compounds named?

The chemical formula of an ionic compound is written with the metal ion first, followed by the non-metal ion. The ending of the non-metal ion's name is changed to "ide."

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How are the charges of metals indicated in ionic compound names?

When a metal can form ions with different charges, a Roman numeral is used in the compound's name to indicate the metal's charge. For example, copper(I) chloride and copper(II) chloride indicate different charges on the copper ion.

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What are polyatomic ions?

Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that act as a single, charged unit. These units can combine with other ions to form ionic compounds.

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Why must the net charge on an ionic compound always be zero?

The net charge on any ionic compound must always equal zero. This means that the total positive charge from the metal ions must balance the total negative charge from the non-metal ions.

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What is the advantage of a systematic naming system for chemicals?

The systematic naming system for chemicals provides unambiguous and consistent names for compounds, ensuring clear communication about chemical substances and their properties.

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What is evidence of a chemical change?

A chemical change involves the formation of new substances with different properties. It is often accompanied by observable signs such as color change, gas formation, or heat release.

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Explain the color change observed when iron(II) sulfate is dissolved in water and exposed to air.

Adding water to iron(II) sulfate results in dissolved iron(II) ions, which then react with atmospheric oxygen. This reaction leads to the formation of iron(III) ions, resulting in a color change.

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Why is the reaction of iron(II) sulfate with oxygen a chemical change?

The reaction with oxygen is a chemical change because it involves the formation of new substances (iron(III) ions) with different properties (color).

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How does the color change observed in the experiment support the idea of a chemical change?

Iron(II) sulfate is a white solid, while iron(III) sulfate is a yellow solution, indicating a change in the chemical composition of the iron ions, which is a chemical change.

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What type of chemical reaction occurs when iron(II) sulfate reacts with oxygen?

The reaction with oxygen is an oxidation-reduction reaction, where iron(II) ions lose electrons (oxidation) and oxygen gains electrons (reduction).

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Explain the oxidation-reduction process involved when iron(II) sulfate reacts with oxygen.

The reaction with oxygen is a redox reaction, where iron(II) ions are oxidized, losing electrons to become iron(III) ions, while oxygen is reduced, gaining electrons.

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Explain how the reaction of iron(II) sulfate with oxygen demonstrates the concept of a chemical change?

The reaction of iron(II) sulfate with oxygen is an example of a chemical change because it results in the formation of a new substance (iron(III) sulfate) with different properties (color) from the original substance.

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Using the concept of chemical change, explain why the color change observed is evidence of a new compound being formed.

The reaction with oxygen is a chemical change because it involves a change in the chemical composition of the iron ions, resulting in a different compound with different properties.

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Study Notes

Physical and Chemical Properties

  • A physical property describes a substance without creating a new substance. Examples include color, texture, density, smell, solubility, taste, melting point, and physical state.
  • A chemical property describes how a substance behaves as it changes into one or more new substances. Examples include reaction with an acid/base, flammability, bleaching ability, and corrosion.

Physical and Chemical Changes

  • A physical change does not create a new substance. Changes of state (melting, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, dissolving) are physical changes. Some can be reversed, others cannot (e.g., dissolving sugar vs. cutting logs).
  • A chemical change creates one or more new substances. Chemical reactions provide cues to a chemical change but aren't definitive proof (e.g., gas formation). The only sure way to determine a chemical change is further testing of the products. Some chemical changes are reversible (like rechargeable batteries), while others are not (like combustion).

Hazardous Waste Processing

  • Processing hazardous waste involves sorting materials (paints, oils, solvents, pesticides, batteries, medicines).
  • Sorted materials are packaged and shipped for treatment and recycling.
  • Examples include burning solvents for cement production, neutralizing acids in batteries, recycling lead, and safely recycling propane tanks.

Elements, the Periodic Table, and Atomic Structure

  • Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down further.
  • The periodic table organizes elements by increasing atomic number, classifying them into periods (rows) and groups (columns) with similar properties.
  • Elements are classified as metals, non-metals, and metalloids, having different physical characteristics (e.g., state at room temperature, lustre, electrical conductivity).
  • Hydrogen exhibits some metallic properties, but is not usually categorized as a metal.
  • An atom's nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, and electrons orbit around the nucleus.
  • Most of an atom's volume is empty space.

Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams and Electron Arrangements

  • Bohr-Rutherford diagrams represent electron orbits around an atom's nucleus.
  • The first electron orbit holds a maximum of two electrons; subsequent orbits typically hold up to eight.
  • The period number represents the number of electron orbits an element's atoms possess.
  • The number of electrons in the outermost orbit influences an element's reactivity.
  • The stability of filled outer electron orbits is crucial for understanding element combinations and compound formation.

Ions

  • Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons, becoming charged particles (cations are positive, anions are negative).
  • Alkali metals readily lose one electron to form +1 ions. Halogens readily gain one electron to form -1 ions.
  • Ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions held together by ionic bonds, maintaining electrical neutrality (equal positive and negative charges).

Polyatomic Ions

  • Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms acting as a single charged particle.
  • Polyatomic ions' ionic charges are shared amongst the atoms.
  • Many ions have complete outer orbits, thus are stable.
  • Common polyatomic ions, such as nitrate (NO3-), hydroxide (OH-), sulfate (SO42-), phosphate (PO43-), and carbonate (CO32-), have characteristic names with the "-ate" suffix.

Ionic Compounds: Names and Formulas

  • Ionic compounds are named with the metal first, followed by the non-metal ending with "ide".
  • Some metals form ions with multiple charges (e.g., iron(II) and iron(III)). Roman numerals indicate these charges in the compound's name.
  • The chemical formula shows the simplest ratio of ions required for electrical neutrality.
  • The "crisscross" method helps determine formulas.
  • Ionic compounds are hard, brittle solids with high melting points. They are often electrolytes.

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Test your knowledge on physical and chemical properties, the periodic table, and the effects of aging on teeth with this quiz. Dive into questions about reactivity, whitening processes, and key chemical concepts. Ideal for students studying introductory chemistry concepts.

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