Chemistry Chapter 2 - Properties of Matter

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.

An abbreviation for a chemical element, found on the periodic table.

A pure substance composed of two or more different elements joined chemically (bonded).

Elements that are lustrous (shiny), malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets), ductile (can be drawn into wires), and conduct electricity.

Elements that do not conduct heat or electricity.

All matter is made up of tiny particles that are constantly moving and attracted to each other. Different substances have different types of particles, and the speed of the particles increases with temperature.

A pure substance is made up of only one type of element, while a mixture contains multiple elements combined together.

The classification of matter helps us organize and understand the world around us. It allows us to easily find and identify different substances.

A physical property describes what we observe using our senses, like color, shape, or texture. It doesn't change the chemical composition of the substance.

A chemical property describes the ability of a substance to change its composition, like burning or rusting. It results in new substances being formed.

Non-living components of an ecosystem, like sunlight, water, and temperature.

Living organisms within an ecosystem, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.

The process where plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose), using carbon dioxide and water. This process releases oxygen as a byproduct.

The process in which organisms break down glucose to release energy for life functions, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

A series of organisms where each one eats the previous one, showing how energy flows through an ecosystem.

A compound formed by the sharing of electrons between non-metal atoms.

A compound formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. These ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.

A neutral atom becomes an ion by gaining or losing electrons. A positive ion (cation) is formed when an atom loses electrons, while a negative ion (anion) is formed when an atom gains electrons.

Metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions (cations). Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to form negative ions (anions). The opposite charges attract, forming an ionic compound.

Sodium (Na) loses one electron to become a positive ion (Na+). Chlorine (Cl) gains one electron to become a negative ion (Cl-). The opposite charges attract, forming sodium chloride (NaCl).

The feeding level of an organism within a food chain.

A network of interconnected food chains showing the feeding relationships between different organisms in an ecosystem.

An animal that hunts other animals for food.

The variety of life in a given ecosystem.

Animals that are native to one country but are introduced to another, potentially disrupting the food web.

Static electricity is a build-up of electrical charges on the surface of an object.

An object is positively charged when it has more protons than electrons. The protons are positive, so it's a positive charge.

An object is negatively charged when it has more electrons than protons. The electrons are negative, so it's a negative charge.

A neutral object has an equal number of protons and electrons. It doesn't have a positive or negative charge.

The Law of Electric Charges states that like charges repel each other, and opposite charges attract.

A living organism, like an insect or plant, that harms humans, crops, or the environment.

A chemical substance designed to kill, control, or repel pests. Examples include insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides.

Pesticides can be applied directly to pests (contact method) or indirectly through plants (indirect method) where the pest will come in contact with it.

The accumulation of pesticides in organisms as they consume contaminated plants or animals, leading to higher concentrations in higher levels of the food chain.

The increase in concentration of a toxin as it moves up through different trophic levels of a food chain.

Electricity flowing in one direction only. Like a river flowing in one direction.

Electricity flowing back and forth. Like ocean waves.

A complete path for electricity to flow. It needs a power source, a load, and a conductor.

All loads are connected in a single path. If one load fails, the whole circuit stops working.

Loads are connected in separate paths. If one load fails, the others still work.