Chemistry Chapter 19: Amines and Neurotransmitters
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Questions and Answers

What is the molecular shape of an amine due to its lone pair of electrons?

  • Trigonal pyramidal (correct)
  • Tetrahedral
  • Linear
  • Trigonal planar

Which type of amine is characterized by a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon atoms?

  • Tertiary amine
  • Secondary amine (correct)
  • Primary amine
  • Quaternary amine

What role does folic acid particularly play for pregnant women?

  • Boosts energy levels
  • Improves digestion
  • Enhances skin health
  • Prevents brain or spine deformities in fetuses (correct)

Which classification of amine contains a nitrogen atom bonded to three carbon atoms?

<p>Tertiary amine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is an essential vitamin found in foods such as grains and meat?

<p>Vitamin B1 (thiamine) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of heterocyclic amines?

<p>They have rings that may contain nitrogen atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is an example of an amine heterocycle commonly consumed?

<p>Caffeine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of groups do amino acids contain?

<p>Amino and carboxylic acid groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are amines classified?

<p>As primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do intermolecular forces have on amines?

<p>They influence solubility and boiling points (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of alkaloids?

<p>They are associated with plant metabolism and can have physiological effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to an NH2 group when it is acting as a substituent?

<p>Amino group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is likely classified as an amine?

<p>Caffeine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amines can form hydrogen bonds with each other?

<p>Primary amines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group distinguishes an amine from an amide?

<p>Carbonyl group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical property causes primary and secondary amines to have higher boiling points than nonpolar alkanes of similar mass?

<p>Hydrogen bonding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does solubility affect the transport of molecules like cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine in the bloodstream?

<p>Higher solubility enhances the ability of molecules to permeate cell membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amines are generally considered water soluble?

<p>1 and 2 amines with less than six carbon atoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the basic amine functional group?

<p>A nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen and carbon groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the body when the liver does not function properly regarding ammonia?

<p>Ammonia builds up and can cause coma or death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the naming of amines using IUPAC conventions is correct?

<p>The longest carbon chain is identified and -amine is suffixed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of ammonia accepting a proton from water?

<p>Formation of ammonium ion and hydroxide ion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do amines react with to form water-soluble ammonium salts?

<p>Acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property is responsible for alcohols having higher boiling points compared to amines of similar mass?

<p>Alcohol's ability to form stronger hydrogen bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does dopamine serve in the body?

<p>Enhances pleasurable feelings and regulates muscle movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which precursor is dopamine synthesized in the body?

<p>Tyrosine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in attention and focus?

<p>Norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is common to both dopamine and norepinephrine?

<p>They both contain a benzene ring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does norepinephrine have in relation to sleep?

<p>It plays a role in regulating sleep and arousal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is NOT made from tyrosine?

<p>Serotonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does norepinephrine affect the cognitive functions?

<p>It enhances focus and attention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to the regulation of mood according to the functions of dopamine?

<p>Enhanced sleep quality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are present between C 1 and C 2, C 3 and C 4, and C 5 and C 6 in the ring?

<p>Double bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the fused pentagonal ring, what atom occupies the first position?

<p>Nitrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the carbon chain connected to the pentagonal ring?

<p>Through a single bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of carbon atoms present in the structure of acetylcholine?

<p>6 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the position of the Nitrogen in the acetylcholine structure?

<p>Sixth position (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of acetylcholine?

<p>Regulates muscle activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many nitrogen atoms are present in the fused pentagonal ring?

<p>1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the attachment of Nitrogen in the pentagonal ring?

<p>Single bonded to a carbon and hydrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What product is formed when an amine reacts with an acid such as HCl?

<p>an ammonium salt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following alkaloids is derived from the coca plant?

<p>Cocaine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ammonium salts are more soluble in water than which of the following?

<p>Unprotonated amines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters play in neuronal communication?

<p>They relay messages between neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an amine neurotransmitter?

<p>A signaling molecule that crosses synapses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of amine is caffeine classified as?

<p>Tertiary amine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is one of the parts of a neuron that transmits signals?

<p>Dendrites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about alkaloids is correct?

<p>They are naturally occurring amines from plants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Amines

Organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded to one or more alkyl or aromatic groups.

Primary Amine

An amine where the nitrogen atom is bonded to one alkyl or aryl group and two hydrogen atoms.

Secondary Amine

An amine where the nitrogen atom is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups and one hydrogen atom.

Tertiary Amine

An amine where the nitrogen atom is bonded to three alkyl or aryl groups.

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Amide functional group

A functional group containing a nitrogen atom bonded to a carbonyl group.

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Alkaloids

A class of naturally occurring amines, often found in plants, with a wide range of biological activities.

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Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons in the nervous system.

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Water Solubility (Amines)

The ability of amines to dissolve in water depends on the number and size of alkyl groups. Small, unbranched amines are more soluble. Larger alkyls decrease solubility.

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Primary Amine (1°)

A nitrogen atom bonded to one carbon atom (or alkyl group).

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Secondary Amine (2°)

A nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon atoms (or alkyl groups).

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Tertiary Amine (3°)

A nitrogen atom bonded to three carbon atoms (or alkyl groups).

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Heterocyclic Amine

An amine with a ring structure containing at least one nitrogen, and other atoms apart from carbon atoms.

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Amine Shape

Trigonal pyramidal with bond angles roughly 109.5 degrees.

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Caffeine

A substance containing amine heterocycles, commonly consumed.

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Essential Nutrient (Amines)

Amines are part of essential nutrients and foods.

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Folic Acid

A source of Vitamin B crucial for women's health, especially during pregnancy.

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Ammonium salt solubility

Ammonium salts dissolve in water more readily than the corresponding amine.

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Amine + Acid reaction

An amine reacting with an acid, such as HCl, forms an ammonium salt.

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Caffeine chemical characteristics

Caffeine is an amide, a 3° amine, or an alkene.

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Neuron

A specialized nerve cell in the brain that processes and transmits information.

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Synapse

The gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released and received.

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Neurotransmitter Function

Neurotransmitters relay signals across the synapse, binding to receptors and triggering action.

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Amino group

The NH2 group as a substituent.

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Amines in medicine

Amines like histamine, diphenhydramine, and albuterol are used in medicine.

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Hydrogen bonding in amines

Primary and secondary amines can form hydrogen bonds, leading to higher boiling points compared to similar-mass nonpolar alkanes.

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Water solubility of amines

Amines with fewer than six carbons are water-soluble due to hydrogen bonding with water. Larger amines need additional polar groups to be soluble.

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Ammonia production in gut

Gut bacteria break down proteins to produce ammonia.

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Ammonia conversion in liver

The liver converts ammonia to urea.

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Amines as bases

Amines, like ammonia, accept a proton (H+) from water to form ammonium ions.

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Ammonium salts

Amines react with acids to form water-soluble ammonium salts.

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Dopamine

A neurotransmitter that acts as a natural stimulant, increasing feelings of pleasure, and regulating muscle movement, cognition, sleep, and mood.

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Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in alertness, focus, attention, and sleep. It plays a role in the 'fight or flight' response.

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What is Dopamine made from?

Dopamine is made from the amino acid tyrosine.

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What is Norepinephrine made from?

Norepinephrine is made from the amino acid tyrosine.

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What is the function of tyrosine?

Tyrosine is an amino acid that serves as a precursor to dopamine and norepinephrine.

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How does dopamine increase feelings of pleasure?

Dopamine binds to receptors in the brain, triggering signaling pathways that lead to feelings of reward and satisfaction.

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What is the role of norepinephrine in the 'fight or flight' response?

Norepinephrine prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.

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What are neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons in the nervous system.

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What is the structure of the ring?

The ring consists of a benzene ring fused to a 5-membered heterocyclic pentagonal ring. The benzene ring has alternating double bonds between C1 and C2, C3 and C4, and C5 and C6. C6 is single bonded to OH. The pentagonal ring contains one nitrogen atom and four carbon atoms. In the pentagonal ring, N bound to H occupies the bottom right vertex. The two rings are fused such that C2 and C3 of the benzene ring are C2 and C1 of the pentagonal ring respectively. The pentagonal ring has a double bond between C3 and C4. C3 of the pentagonal ring is single bonded to C1 of a 2-carbon alkane chain, which is single bonded to NH2 on the upper right.

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What is the role of acetylcholine?

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a vital role in muscle activation, learning, and short-term memory.

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What are the components of acetylcholine?

Acetylcholine consists of a heteronuclear alkane chain containing one oxygen atom, one nitrogen atom, and five carbon atoms. C2 is double bonded to O. N is single bonded to CH3 on the upper right and upper left.

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What is the significance of the benzene ring in the structure?

The benzene ring in the structure represents a stable aromatic system with alternating double bonds. This stability contributes to the overall molecular properties and interactions.

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What is the significance of the pentagonal ring in the structure?

The pentagonal ring containing a nitrogen atom is key for the molecule's interactions with receptors and enzymes. It contributes to the molecule's biological activity.

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Where are the double bonds located in the benzene ring?

In the benzene ring, the double bonds are located between C1 and C2, C3 and C4, and C5 and C6, creating an alternating pattern.

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What is the relationship between the benzene ring and the pentagonal ring?

The benzene ring and the pentagonal ring are fused together, sharing two carbon atoms. This fusion creates a unique structural arrangement crucial for the molecule's properties.

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What is the role of the alkane chain in the structure?

The 2-carbon alkane chain attached to the pentagonal ring contributes to the molecule's shape and interactions with receptors.

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Study Notes

Chapter 19: Amines and Neurotransmitters

  • Amines are organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom.
  • Amines are found in a wide range of medicines and toxins.
  • Amines are crucial components of DNA and proteins.
  • Amines play essential roles in basic biology and disease treatment.
  • Three examples of biologically active compounds are cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine.
  • Amines are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom.
  • Primary amines have one carbon atom bonded to the nitrogen.
  • Secondary amines have two carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen.
  • Tertiary amines have three carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen.
  • The shape of amines is trigonal pyramidal with bond angles approximately 109.5°.
  • Amines can form hydrogen bonds with each other, thus affecting boiling points.
  • Amines with fewer than six carbon atoms tend to be water-soluble.
  • Large amines are considered water-insoluble.
  • The ability of amine compounds to form hydrogen bonds in the structure plays a significant role in the structure of DNA.
  • Examples of heterocyclic amines include pyrrolidine, pyrrole, imidazole, and pyrimidine.
  • Examples of famous alkaloids include cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine.
  • Caffeine is an alkaloid and contains an amide, 3° amine, and alkene functional group.

Neurotransmitters

  • Neurons (nerve cells) communicate by sending messages across synapses.
  • Neurotransmitters are released by neurons into synapses.
  • Neurotransmitters cross the synapses and bind to receptors on the target cell, carrying the message.
  • Many neurotransmitters are amines.

Amine Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

  • Dopamine influences pleasurable feelings, muscle movement, cognition, sleep, and mood.
  • Norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) play roles in the fight-or-flight response.
  • Norepinephrine and epinephrine are involved in increasing blood flow to muscles, heart rate, and blood sugar levels.
  • Serotonin facilitates relaxation, deep sleep, rational thinking, mood, learning, and memory.
  • Acetylcholine regulates muscle activation, learning, and short-term memory.

Acid-Base Reactions

  • Ammonia (NH₃) accepts a proton (H⁺) from water to form the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) and a hydroxide ion (OH⁻).
  • Amines (1°, 2°, and 3°) can also accept protons to form ammonium ions.
  • Amines react with acids to form water-soluble ammonium salts.
  • Ammonium salts are much more soluble in water than the corresponding unprotonated amines.

Alkaloids

  • Alkaloids are naturally occurring amines derived from plants.
  • Alkaloids often have complex structures.
  • Alkaloids are biologically active upon entering the human body.
  • Examples of alkaloids include ephedrine, cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine.

Other Important Points

  • Bacteria in the gut produce ammonia when they break down proteins.
  • Ammonia is normally converted into urea by the liver.
  • If the liver does not function correctly, ammonia can accumulate in the body, potentially causing a coma or death.

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Description

This quiz covers the key concepts of amines and their role as neurotransmitters. It includes classifications of amines, their biological importance, and examples of biologically active compounds. Test your understanding of their properties and functions in biology and medicine.

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