Chemistry Chapter 19: Amines and Neurotransmitters
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Questions and Answers

What is the molecular shape of an amine due to its lone pair of electrons?

  • Trigonal pyramidal (correct)
  • Tetrahedral
  • Linear
  • Trigonal planar

    • Which type of amine is characterized by a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon atoms?

  • Tertiary amine
  • Secondary amine (correct)
  • Primary amine
  • Quaternary amine

    • What role does folic acid particularly play for pregnant women?

  • Boosts energy levels
  • Improves digestion
  • Enhances skin health
  • Prevents brain or spine deformities in fetuses (correct)

    • Which classification of amine contains a nitrogen atom bonded to three carbon atoms?

    <p>Tertiary amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients is an essential vitamin found in foods such as grains and meat?

    <p>Vitamin B1 (thiamine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique feature of heterocyclic amines?

    <p>They have rings that may contain nitrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is an example of an amine heterocycle commonly consumed?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of groups do amino acids contain?

    <p>Amino and carboxylic acid groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are amines classified?

    <p>As primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do intermolecular forces have on amines?

    <p>They influence solubility and boiling points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of alkaloids?

    <p>They are associated with plant metabolism and can have physiological effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to an NH2 group when it is acting as a substituent?

    <p>Amino group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is likely classified as an amine?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amines can form hydrogen bonds with each other?

    <p>Primary amines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group distinguishes an amine from an amide?

    <p>Carbonyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical property causes primary and secondary amines to have higher boiling points than nonpolar alkanes of similar mass?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does solubility affect the transport of molecules like cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine in the bloodstream?

    <p>Higher solubility enhances the ability of molecules to permeate cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amines are generally considered water soluble?

    <p>1 and 2 amines with less than six carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the basic amine functional group?

    <p>A nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen and carbon groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the body when the liver does not function properly regarding ammonia?

    <p>Ammonia builds up and can cause coma or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the naming of amines using IUPAC conventions is correct?

    <p>The longest carbon chain is identified and -amine is suffixed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of ammonia accepting a proton from water?

    <p>Formation of ammonium ion and hydroxide ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do amines react with to form water-soluble ammonium salts?

    <p>Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property is responsible for alcohols having higher boiling points compared to amines of similar mass?

    <p>Alcohol's ability to form stronger hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function does dopamine serve in the body?

    <p>Enhances pleasurable feelings and regulates muscle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which precursor is dopamine synthesized in the body?

    <p>Tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in attention and focus?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural feature is common to both dopamine and norepinephrine?

    <p>They both contain a benzene ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does norepinephrine have in relation to sleep?

    <p>It plays a role in regulating sleep and arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT made from tyrosine?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does norepinephrine affect the cognitive functions?

    <p>It enhances focus and attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can contribute to the regulation of mood according to the functions of dopamine?

    <p>Enhanced sleep quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds are present between C 1 and C 2, C 3 and C 4, and C 5 and C 6 in the ring?

    <p>Double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the fused pentagonal ring, what atom occupies the first position?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the carbon chain connected to the pentagonal ring?

    <p>Through a single bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of carbon atoms present in the structure of acetylcholine?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position of the Nitrogen in the acetylcholine structure?

    <p>Sixth position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of acetylcholine?

    <p>Regulates muscle activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many nitrogen atoms are present in the fused pentagonal ring?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the attachment of Nitrogen in the pentagonal ring?

    <p>Single bonded to a carbon and hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What product is formed when an amine reacts with an acid such as HCl?

    <p>an ammonium salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following alkaloids is derived from the coca plant?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ammonium salts are more soluble in water than which of the following?

    <p>Unprotonated amines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do neurotransmitters play in neuronal communication?

    <p>They relay messages between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an amine neurotransmitter?

    <p>A signaling molecule that crosses synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amine is caffeine classified as?

    <p>Tertiary amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is one of the parts of a neuron that transmits signals?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about alkaloids is correct?

    <p>They are naturally occurring amines from plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 19: Amines and Neurotransmitters

    • Amines are organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom.
    • Amines are found in a wide range of medicines and toxins.
    • Amines are crucial components of DNA and proteins.
    • Amines play essential roles in basic biology and disease treatment.
    • Three examples of biologically active compounds are cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine.
    • Amines are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen atom.
    • Primary amines have one carbon atom bonded to the nitrogen.
    • Secondary amines have two carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen.
    • Tertiary amines have three carbon atoms bonded to the nitrogen.
    • The shape of amines is trigonal pyramidal with bond angles approximately 109.5°.
    • Amines can form hydrogen bonds with each other, thus affecting boiling points.
    • Amines with fewer than six carbon atoms tend to be water-soluble.
    • Large amines are considered water-insoluble.
    • The ability of amine compounds to form hydrogen bonds in the structure plays a significant role in the structure of DNA.
    • Examples of heterocyclic amines include pyrrolidine, pyrrole, imidazole, and pyrimidine.
    • Examples of famous alkaloids include cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine.
    • Caffeine is an alkaloid and contains an amide, 3° amine, and alkene functional group.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Neurons (nerve cells) communicate by sending messages across synapses.
    • Neurotransmitters are released by neurons into synapses.
    • Neurotransmitters cross the synapses and bind to receptors on the target cell, carrying the message.
    • Many neurotransmitters are amines.

    Amine Neurotransmitters and Their Functions

    • Dopamine influences pleasurable feelings, muscle movement, cognition, sleep, and mood.
    • Norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) play roles in the fight-or-flight response.
    • Norepinephrine and epinephrine are involved in increasing blood flow to muscles, heart rate, and blood sugar levels.
    • Serotonin facilitates relaxation, deep sleep, rational thinking, mood, learning, and memory.
    • Acetylcholine regulates muscle activation, learning, and short-term memory.

    Acid-Base Reactions

    • Ammonia (NH₃) accepts a proton (H⁺) from water to form the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) and a hydroxide ion (OH⁻).
    • Amines (1°, 2°, and 3°) can also accept protons to form ammonium ions.
    • Amines react with acids to form water-soluble ammonium salts.
    • Ammonium salts are much more soluble in water than the corresponding unprotonated amines.

    Alkaloids

    • Alkaloids are naturally occurring amines derived from plants.
    • Alkaloids often have complex structures.
    • Alkaloids are biologically active upon entering the human body.
    • Examples of alkaloids include ephedrine, cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine.

    Other Important Points

    • Bacteria in the gut produce ammonia when they break down proteins.
    • Ammonia is normally converted into urea by the liver.
    • If the liver does not function correctly, ammonia can accumulate in the body, potentially causing a coma or death.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the key concepts of amines and their role as neurotransmitters. It includes classifications of amines, their biological importance, and examples of biologically active compounds. Test your understanding of their properties and functions in biology and medicine.

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