Chemistry Chapter 13: Structure and Shape

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Questions and Answers

When drawing a wedge-and-dash diagram, how should an atom be connected to the central atom if it is located behind the plane of the page?

  • With a wedge-shaped line that increases in width as it moves away from the central atom.
  • With a solid line of uniform width.
  • With a dashed line that increases in width as it moves away from the central atom. (correct)
  • With a solid line that decreases in width as it moves away from the central atom.

A molecule with three regions of electron density around the central atom will have which electron-pair geometry?

  • Tetrahedral
  • Linear
  • Angular
  • Trigonal planar (correct)

What is the bond angle in a molecule with a tetrahedral electron-pair geometry?

  • 120°
  • 180°
  • 90°
  • 109.5° (correct)

What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with two regions of electron density, both of which are bonding pairs?

<p>Linear (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the wedge-and-dash diagram, how should an atom be connected to the central atom if it lies in the same plane as the page?

<p>With a solid line of uniform width. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with three regions of electron density, two bonding pairs, and one lone pair?

<p>Angular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When predicting molecular geometries, what is the first step in the process?

<p>Draw the Lewis diagram. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in predicting molecular geometries?

<p>Identify the central atom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron-pair geometry of a molecule with four regions of electron density around the central atom?

<p>Tetrahedral (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with four regions of electron density around the central atom, all of which are bonding pairs?

<p>Tetrahedral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with a central atom that has two bonding regions and two lone pairs?

<p>Angular (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to VSEPR theory, how are regions of electron density distributed around a central atom?

<p>They are distributed as far away from each other as possible. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron-pair geometry of nitrogen trichloride, NCl3?

<p>Tetrahedral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a region of electron density around a central atom that determines the electron-pair geometry?

<p>An ionic bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry of tetrafluoroethylene, C2F4, around each carbon atom?

<p>Trigonal planar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions must be met for a molecule to be nonpolar?

<p>All bonded atoms must be identical. (B), The molecule must have a symmetrical distribution of charge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do polar molecules tend to align themselves in an electric field?

<p>With the more electronegative atoms pointing towards the positive plate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the wedge-and-dash diagram of nitrogen trichloride (NCl3), how is the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom represented?

<p>With a wedge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Lewis diagram and the wedge-and-dash diagram of tetrafluoroethylene (C2F4) is TRUE?

<p>The wedge-and-dash diagram shows the lone pairs on the fluorine atoms, but the Lewis diagram does not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the electron-pair geometry around a central atom?

<p>The number of regions of electron density around the central atom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic does a polar molecule possess?

<p>Unequal distribution of electron density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining feature of hydrocarbons?

<p>Made exclusively of hydrogen and carbon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of compounds has weak acidic properties and slightly ionizes in water?

<p>Carboxylic acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the hydroxyl group in an alcohol?

<p>Defines the chemical properties of the compound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In organic chemistry, what is an alkane primarily characterized by?

<p>Each carbon atom forming four single bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When drawing the Lewis diagram for a molecule, which of these statements is NOT true about the arrangement of atoms?

<p>Electronegativity is not a factor when determining the central atom. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the tentative Lewis diagram of a molecule has more electrons than the actual number of valence electrons, what should you do?

<p>Remove a lone pair from both the central and terminal atom(s) and form an additional bonding pair. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron-pair geometry around a central atom with four regions of electron density, including lone pairs?

<p>Tetrahedral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is TRUE about the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

<p>Organic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen, while inorganic compounds do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these functional groups is NOT included in the basic classification of organic compounds based on structure and geometry?

<p>Amines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is the BEST definition of 'hydrocarbon'?

<p>A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry of a molecule with a central atom surrounded by three regions of electron density, including one lone pair?

<p>Bent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular geometry of water (H2O)?

<p>Bent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of resonance structures?

<p>Resonance structures are different Lewis diagrams that represent the same molecule or ion but differ only in the placement of electrons, with the actual structure being an average of these structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When applying VSEPR theory to predict the electron-pair geometry around a central atom, the key principle is that:

<p>Electron pairs repel each other and distribute themselves as far away from each other as possible. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Lewis diagram for hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3-), the central atom is:

<p>Carbon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'electron-pair angle' refer to in VSEPR theory?

<p>The angle formed by any two electron pairs and the central atom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many valence electrons are present in the hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3-)?

<p>24 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following shapes describes the electron-pair geometry of a molecule with four electron pairs around the central atom?

<p>Tetrahedral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between resonance structures and isomers?

<p>Resonance structures have the same atomic connectivity but different electron arrangements, while isomers have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key reason for the formation of resonance structures in a molecule?

<p>To represent the actual structure as an average of different electron distributions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to check the Lewis diagram for hydrogen atoms? What should be the case?

<p>Hydrogen atoms must have only one bond and one electron pair due to their single valence electron. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When drawing Lewis diagrams, why is it important to consider the electronegativity of atoms?

<p>Electronegativity helps predict the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, with less electronegative atoms typically occupying central positions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lewis Diagram

A visual representation of the valence electrons in a molecule or ion.

Electron-Pair Geometry

The 3D arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom.

Molecular Geometry Prediction

The predicted shape of a molecule based on its central atom's bonding and lone pairs.

Wedge-and-Dash Diagram

A representation showing the 3D orientation of bonds in a molecule.

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Polar vs Nonpolar Molecules

Classification based on molecular symmetry and electronegativity differences.

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Valence Electrons Calculation

The total number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom, crucial for Lewis diagrams.

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Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

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Organic vs Inorganic Compounds

Organic compounds contain carbon; inorganic compounds generally do not.

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Hydrogen Bonding Rule

Hydrogen atoms in Lewis diagrams must form only one bond.

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Central Atom in Lewis Diagram

The atom that has the highest bonding capacity in a molecule.

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Resonance Structures

Different ways to represent the same molecule by shifting electron positions.

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Resonance Hybrid

The actual structure of a molecule is an average of its resonance structures.

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Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

Theory stating that electron pairs repel, shaping molecular geometry.

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Electron-Pair Angle

Angle formed between any two electron pairs around a central atom.

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Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural forms.

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Polar Molecules

Molecules that are not symmetrical and have a positive and negative end.

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Alcohols

Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) that affect their chemical properties.

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Ethers

Compounds with two hydrocarbon groups bonded to an oxygen atom.

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Carboxylic Acids

Compounds with a carboxyl group (-COOH) that are weak acids and ionize slightly in water.

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Hydrocarbon Types

Types of hydrocarbons include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes based on bond types.

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Tetrahedral Molecular Geometry

A molecular shape where four regions of electron density are distributed symmetrically around a central atom.

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Trigonal Pyramidal Geometry

Molecular geometry with three bonding regions and one lone pair, creating a pyramid shape.

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Angular or Bent Geometry

Molecular shape formed by two bonding regions and two lone pairs of electrons, producing a bent appearance.

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Regions of Electron Density

Regions around a central atom formed by single, double, or triple bonds or lone pairs, affecting geometry.

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Polarity of Molecules

A measure of whether a molecule has positive and negative poles due to an asymmetrical charge distribution.

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Conditions for Nonpolarity

Molecules are nonpolar if there are no lone pairs on the central atom and all bonded atoms are identical.

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VSEPR Theory

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory predicts molecular geometry based on minimizing electron-pair repulsion.

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Trigonal Planar Geometry

Molecular geometry with three bonding regions arranged in one plane around a central atom, forming a triangle.

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Regions of Electron Density: 2

The arrangement around a central atom with two electron regions, leading to a linear geometry.

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Electron-Pair Geometry: Linear

When there are two regions of electron density, the electron-pair geometry is linear with a bond angle of 180°.

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Bond Angle: 180°

The angle formed between two adjacent bonds in a linear molecular geometry.

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Regions of Electron Density: 3

The arrangement with three regions of electron density around the central atom, resulting in a trigonal planar geometry.

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Electron-Pair Geometry: Trigonal Planar

When there are three regions of electron density, the geometry is trigonal planar with bond angles of 120°.

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Bond Angle: 120°

The angle formed in trigonal planar geometry, where three bonds are spaced evenly at 120° from each other.

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Regions of Electron Density: 4

The arrangement around a central atom with four electron regions, leading to a tetrahedral geometry.

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Electron-Pair Geometry: Tetrahedral

When there are four regions of electron density, the geometry is tetrahedral with a bond angle of 109.5°.

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Bond Angle: 109.5°

The angle between bonds in a tetrahedral molecular geometry, created by four electron regions.

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Predicting Molecular Geometries

The process involves drawing a Lewis diagram, counting electron density regions, and determining geometries.

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Study Notes

Chapter 13: Structure and Shape

  • This chapter covers the structure and shape of molecules and polyatomic ions
  • Key goals include drawing Lewis diagrams, describing electron-pair geometry, predicting molecular geometry, drawing wedge-and-dash diagrams, identifying polar/nonpolar molecules, and distinguishing between organic and inorganic compounds, specifically hydrocarbons and others.
  • The active learning approach is highlighted

Drawing Lewis Diagrams

  • Step 1: Calculate the total valence electrons. Adjust for any ionic charge.
  • Step 2: Place the least electronegative atom(s) in the center. Hydrogen is typically a terminal atom.
  • Step 3: Draw a tentative diagram, joining atoms with single bonds.
  • Step 4: Add unshared pairs to complete octets (except for hydrogen)
  • Check: If the tentative diagram has more electrons than the expected number, remove lone pairs (from central and terminal atoms) and replace with additional bonds until the number matches. Hydrogen should have one bond, and all other atoms should have four electron pairs.

Resonance Structures and Isomers

  • Resonance structures: Two or more equivalent Lewis diagrams, where the actual molecule is an average of these resonance structures, all have the same positions of atoms but different arrangements of electrons.
  • Resonance hybrid: The actual molecule is a stable average structural representation among the resonance structures
  • Isomers: Two compounds with identical molecular formulas, but different structures (arrangements of atoms).

Electron-Pair Repulsion: Electron-Pair Geometry

  • Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory describes how electron pairs arrange themselves around a central atom to maximize the distance between them.
  • The arrangement of electron pairs around a central atom dictates the molecule's geometry.
  • The angle formed by any two electron pairs and the central atom is the electron-pair angle
  • Tetrahedral has four identical equilateral triangles.

Figure 13.5: Electron-Pair Geometry

  • Diagrams showing the three basic electron pair geometries:
    • Linear
    • Trigonal planar
    • Tetrahedral

Figure 13.6: Electron-Pair Geometries for Two to Four Electron Pairs

  • Describes electron density and geometries for
    • Regions of electron density: 2 (Linear), 3 (Trigonal planar) and, 4 (Tetrahedral)
    • Bond angles for each case (180°, 120°, 109.5°)

Figure 13.9: Molecular Geometries Based on Four Regions of Electron Density around the Central Atom.

  • Specific shape examples are given based on the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs around a central atom.
    • Tetrahedral
    • Trigonal pyramidal
    • Bent (angular)

Predict Molecular Geometries

  • Step 1: Draw the Lewis diagram.
  • Step 2: Count the regions of electron density around the central atom (both bonding and lone pairs)
  • Step 3: Determine electron-pair and molecular geometries based on the number of regions of electron density -Two regions: Linear (180°) -Three regions: Trigonal planar (120°) -Four regions: Tetrahedral(109.5°) -Other cases: Trigonal pyramid or bent depending on the presence of lone pairs
  • Step 4: Sketch the wedge-and-dash diagram that matches the mental picture.

Organic and Inorganic Chemistry

  • Organic chemistry: The study of carbon compounds, emphasizing the unique properties of carbon bonding that allow for the formation of complex structures.
  • Inorganic chemistry: The study of all other chemical compounds.

Hydrocarbons

  • Compounds composed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen.
  • Alkanes: Hydrocarbons where all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.

Alcohols and Ethers

  • Hydroxyl group (-OH): The essential functional group defining alcohols.
  • Alcohols: Compounds containing a hydroxyl group bonded to a carbon atom in a hydrocarbon chain.
  • Ethers: Compounds with two hydrocarbon groups bonded to an oxygen atom.

Carboxylic Acids

  • Compounds containing a carboxyl group (-COOH).
  • Names typically end with "-ic acid."
  • Weak acids, ionizing only slightly in water.

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