Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which elements are included in the d-block of the periodic table?
Which elements are included in the d-block of the periodic table?
Which of the following are inner transition elements?
Which of the following are inner transition elements?
What defines transition metals according to IUPAC?
What defines transition metals according to IUPAC?
Metals which have incomplete d subshell either in neutral atom or in their ions.
Zinc is regarded as a transition metal.
Zinc is regarded as a transition metal.
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The f-block elements involve the progressive filling of __ and __ orbitals.
The f-block elements involve the progressive filling of __ and __ orbitals.
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Name an important compound that contains chromium.
Name an important compound that contains chromium.
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What are the main series of transition metals?
What are the main series of transition metals?
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The transition elements have completely filled d orbitals.
The transition elements have completely filled d orbitals.
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Which of the following metals is not regarded as a transition metal?
Which of the following metals is not regarded as a transition metal?
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What is the significance of transition metals in human civilization?
What is the significance of transition metals in human civilization?
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Study Notes
Objectives
- Learn the positions of d- and f-block elements in the periodic table
- Know the electronic configurations of transition (d-block) and inner transition (f-block) elements
- Appreciate the relative stability of various oxidation states in terms of electrode potential values
- Describe the preparation, properties, structures and uses of some important compounds such as K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄
- Understand the general characteristics of the d- and f-block elements and the general horizontal and group trends in them
- Describe the properties of the f-block elements and give a comparative account of the lanthanoids and actinoids with respect to their electronic configurations, oxidation states and chemical behavior
The d- and f-Block Elements
- Iron, copper, silver, and gold are transition elements
- Inner transition elements (Th, Pa, U) are important for nuclear energy
- d-block elements are in groups 3-12, progressively filling d orbitals
- f-block elements have progressively filled 4f and 5f orbitals, placed in a separate panel
- Transition metals and inner transition metals are terms for elements of the d-block and f-block, respectively.
- Main transition metal series 3d (Sc to Zn), 4d (Y to Cd), 5d (La, Hf to Hg), 6d (Ac, Rf to Cn)
- Inner transition metal series 4f (Ce to Lu, lanthanoids), 5f (Th to Lr, actinoids)
- Originally, "transition" referred to the transitional properties between s and p-block elements
- Now according to the IUPAC, transition metals have incomplete d subshells (either neutral atom or ions)
- Zinc, cadmium, and mercury are NOT transition metals.
Position in the Periodic Table
- The d-block is in the middle of the periodic table, between s- and p-blocks
- Four rows of transition metals; 3d, 4d, 5d, and 6d
- Electronic configuration in general (n-1)d¹-10ns¹-2 except for Pd, (4d¹⁰5sº)
Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements
- Outer electron configuration in general (n-1)d¹-10 ns¹-2, where n is the primary energy level
- Half and completely filled orbital sets are relatively more stable
- Electronic configurations of Cr (3d⁵4s¹) and Cu (3d¹⁰4s¹) are exceptions due to the minimal energy difference between 3d and 4s orbitals.
Physical Properties
- Nearly all transition elements are metallic (high tensile strength, ductility, malleability, high thermal and electrical conductivities, metallic luster)
- Exceptions are Zn, Cd, Hg, and Mn, have different structures at normal temps
- Lattice structures vary (hcp, bcc, ccp)
- High melting and boiling points
- High enthalpies of atomisation
Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals
- Ions of same charge show decreasing radii with increasing atomic number in a series
- Due to the ineffective shielding of d-electrons
- Lanthanoid Contraction: Radii in the 4d series are similar to radii of corresponding elements in the 5d series, effectively neutralizing the expected increase in radii. Due to the intervening 4f orbitals.
Ionization Enthalpies
- Generally increase across a series of transition elements
- Increase is not as steep as in non-transition elements.
- Second and third ionization enthalpies increase more significantly.
- Irregularities may be explained by consideration of relative energies of 4s and 3d orbitals, and by the presence of exceptionally stable configurations (e.g., d5, d10).
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Description
This quiz covers the characteristics and properties of d- and f-block elements in the periodic table. You will learn about their positions, electronic configurations, oxidation states, important compounds, and trends. Prepare to explore the fascinating world of transition and inner transition elements.
