Chemistry Basics Quiz

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Which ion is formed when magnesium loses two electrons?

Mg-

Mg3+

Mg2+ (correct)

Mg+

What characterizes a free radical?

It has a stable outer shell of electrons.

It contains at least one unpaired electron. (correct)

It tends to be non-reactive with other molecules.

It is a molecule with a completely filled outer shell.

How does the shape of a molecule change?

Only through the breaking of bonds.

By rigidly maintaining bond angles.

Through rotation around single covalent bonds. (correct)

By losing or gaining electrons.

Which of the following ions is formed by chlorine when it gains an electron?

Cl- Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding potassium ions?

Potassium loses one electron to form K+. Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest functional unit of matter that forms all chemical substances?

Atom Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following subatomic particles is positively charged?

Proton Signup and view all the answers

In the atomic model, where are electrons most likely to be found?

In defined orbitals Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons can the first electron shell hold?

2 electrons Signup and view all the answers

What are the electrons in the outer shell of an atom called?

Valence electrons Signup and view all the answers

What shape is a p orbital?

Dumbbell-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can be held in the second shell of an atom?

8 electrons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about atoms is correct?

The number of neutrons in an atom can vary. Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the representation of bonded pairs of electrons?

Lewis Structure Signup and view all the answers

Which two subatomic particles are found in the atomic nucleus?

Protons and Neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What causes a person's weight to change when moving from Earth to the Moon?

The gravitational pull on the person varying based on location Signup and view all the answers

What does one Dalton (Da) represent in atomic mass measurements?

1/12 the mass of a carbon atom Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is NOT among the most abundant in living organisms?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'isotope'?

Multiple forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What role do radioisotopes play in medicine?

They help in imaging and cancer treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What is Avogadro’s number used to define?

The number of atoms in a mole of any element Signup and view all the answers

Which of these elements is primarily found in proteins?

Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

Why are trace elements significant for organisms?

They are essential for normal growth and function despite their small quantities. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the difference between mass and weight?

Mass is the same regardless of location, while weight can change. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of a covalent bond?

Electrons are shared between atoms. Signup and view all the answers

How is a polar covalent bond different from a nonpolar covalent bond?

Polar bonds share electrons unequally between atoms of different electronegativities. Signup and view all the answers

What is the octet rule pertaining to atomic stability?

Atoms are stable when their outer shell contains 8 electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when a hydrogen atom from one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule?

Hydrogen bond Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ionic bonds?

They result from the attraction between positively and negatively charged ions. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the formation of van der Waals dispersion forces?

Electrons create a fleeting electrical attraction between molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a cation from an anion?

A cation has lost electrons, resulting in a positive charge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about molecular formulas?

The subscript indicates how many of each type of atom are present in a molecule. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is correct?

Hydrogen bonds can form and break easily, but many can collectively provide strength. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of compounds compared to individual elements?

The properties of a compound can be drastically different than those of its individual elements. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes one element from another?

Number of protons Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number of an element equal to?

Number of protons in the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

How are elements organized in the periodic table?

By atomic number Signup and view all the answers

What determines the similar properties of elements within a column of the periodic table?

The number of outer shell electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative mass of a neutron compared to an electron?

About 1,836 times that of an electron Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the most common form of carbon?

It has six protons and six neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What does atomic mass indicate about an atom?

Its mass relative to other atoms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about protons is correct?

They reside in the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ion symbol for the calcium ion after it loses its electrons?

Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bonds allows for the rotation of molecules due to its non-rigid nature?

Covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes the formation of free radicals?

Exposure to radiation and toxins Signup and view all the answers

Which element forms an ion with a single electron lost from its outer shell?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons does potassium typically lose to form its ion?

1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of electrons that the second electron shell can hold?

8 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding the structure of an atom?

Protons and electrons are found in equal numbers. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom?

Electrons exist in a cloud-like formation around the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe electrons that are available to form bonds with other atoms?

Valence electrons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding orbitals?

Each type of orbital can only hold a pair of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a chemical element?

Atoms with a specified number of protons. Signup and view all the answers

Which particle is NOT found in the nucleus of an atom?

Electron Signup and view all the answers

What are the shapes of the orbitals found in the second electron shell?

One spherical and three dumbbell-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a Lewis structure?

It depicts bonded pairs as lines. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the three states of matter?

Physical arrangement and energy of particles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that distinguishes one element from another?

Number of protons Signup and view all the answers

When is the atomic number of an atom defined?

When it is determined by the number of protons Signup and view all the answers

What does the periodic table indicate about the columns of elements?

They indicate the number of valence electrons in the outer shell Signup and view all the answers

How does the atomic mass of an atom relate to protons and neutrons?

It is the combined mass of protons and neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the relative mass of a proton compared to an electron?

It is more than 1,800 times the mass of an electron Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately represents atomic mass in the context of different elements?

Carbon’s most common form has an atomic mass of exactly 12 Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when an atom has a net charge of zero?

The number of protons equals the number of electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neutrons in the atomic nucleus?

They have no charge and contribute to atomic mass Signup and view all the answers

What remains constant for a person regardless of their location in the universe?

Mass Signup and view all the answers

Which of these elements constitutes the highest percentage of human body mass?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mineral elements in living organisms?

Essential for normal growth and function Signup and view all the answers

What defines isotopes of an element?

They have different numbers of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is one Dalton equivalent to in atomic mass measurements?

1/12 the mass of a carbon atom Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes Avogadro's number?

It is the number of atoms in one mole of any element. Signup and view all the answers

Which among the following elements is classified as a trace element?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding radioactive isotopes is correct?

They emit radiation as they decay. Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of elements makes up about 95% of the atoms in living organisms?

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the common atomic mass of a carbon atom?

12 Daltons Signup and view all the answers

What role do antioxidants play in the body?

They donate electrons without becoming highly reactive. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key property of water that allows it to dissolve various substances?

It is a polar molecule. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecules do not dissolve in water?

Hydrophobic molecules Signup and view all the answers

What property of water contributes to its high specific heat?

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which solution would be classified as acidic?

pH 5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of adding solutes to water?

It lowers both the freezing point and boiling point. Signup and view all the answers

What does molarity measure?

The concentration of a solute in a solution. Signup and view all the answers

Why is water considered an excellent solvent?

Because of its polar characteristics which allow hydrogen bonding. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the shape and function of molecules in relation to pH?

pH can alter molecular shapes and consequently their functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of buffers in biological systems?

Maintain a constant pH despite fluctuations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is considered an amphipathic molecule?

Detergent Signup and view all the answers

What defines colligative properties of water?

They depend on the total number of dissolved solute particles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of water in living organisms?

It participates in various chemical reactions. Signup and view all the answers