Chemistry Basics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which is a characteristic of a polyatomic compound?

Formed solely from non-metals

Contains only one type of metal

Always has a charge of +1

Acts as a non-metal ion with multiple atoms (correct)

What is the first step in writing chemical formulas for ionic compounds?

Write the ionic charges above each symbol

Name the non-metal ion and change the ending to 'ide'

Write the symbols for each element, with the metal first (correct)

Crisscross the numbers downwards from the charges

How should you name the non-metal in an ionic compound?

Add a prefix indicating the number of atoms

End with the suffix 'ate'

Change the ending to 'ide' (correct)

Keep the original name

In naming polyatomic compounds, which step is correct?

Name the metal ion first Signup and view all the answers

According to the rules of writing molecular compounds, what should you do with the prefix?

Write it as a subscript behind the element Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?

The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products Signup and view all the answers

Which describes a word equation?

Describes reactants and products in word form with symbols Signup and view all the answers

What is the last step when writing chemical formulas for polyatomic compounds?

Dividing subscripts by the highest common denominator Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for total internal reflection to occur?

Angle of incidence greater than the critical angle Signup and view all the answers

What describes the function of the mitochondria in a cell?

Carries out cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi body?

Packages and moves materials out of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What happens to light when it passes from a medium where it is slower to one where it is faster?

It bends away from the normal Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the object distance (do) in lens sign conventions?

It is always positive Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell is semi-permeable and controls the passage of substances?

Cell Membrane Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher number of mitochondria in a cell indicate?

The cell has higher energy needs Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the plant cell is responsible for photosynthesis?

Chloroplast Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of mitosis does the cell's genetic material get replicated?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interneurons in the nervous system?

Connect sensory and motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

How does a benign tumor differ from a malignant tumor?

Malignant tumors break away and form new tumors Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

Manufactures proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment involves physically removing cancer cells from the body?

Surgery Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the respiratory system?

To take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which system relies on oxygen supplied by the circulatory system to function properly?

Digestive system Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the respiratory system does gas exchange primarily occur?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway for food in the digestive system?

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of arteries?

To carry blood away from the heart Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel has very thin walls for gas and nutrient exchange?

Capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding organ donation?

Doctors will prioritize organ harvesting over saving lives Signup and view all the answers

Which greenhouse gas is considered the most effective?

Nitrous oxide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines climate?

The long-term average of weather conditions Signup and view all the answers

What part of the climate system includes all living things on Earth?

Biosphere Signup and view all the answers

Which is a con of organ donation and stem cell research?

Patients face long waiting times Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the greenhouse effect?

To absorb infrared radiation for habitability Signup and view all the answers

What is the most abundant human produced greenhouse gas?

Carbon Dioxide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases?

Deforestation Signup and view all the answers

Which evidence indicates that climate change is occurring?

Rising sea levels Signup and view all the answers

What is one impact of climate change on natural ecosystems?

Species becoming extinct Signup and view all the answers

How do scientists investigate past climates using ice cores?

By testing air bubbles for gases Signup and view all the answers

What does a thicker growth ring in a tree indicate?

Better growing conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which greenhouse gas is not considered natural?

Carbon Monoxide Signup and view all the answers

What method can be used to study past climate conditions over thousands of years?

Tree rings Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the refracted ray when light travels from a less dense material to a more dense material?

The ray bends towards the normal. Signup and view all the answers

How is the index of refraction calculated?

By dividing the speed of light in a vacuum by the speed of light in the medium. Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?

They are always equal. Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed of light in vacuum expressed in scientific notation?

3.0 x 10^8 m/s Signup and view all the answers

What type of image is produced by a concave mirror when the object is located at the focal point?

No image formed Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by an index of refraction value of 2.42 for diamond?

Light travels slower in diamond than in a vacuum. Signup and view all the answers

What type of image is produced by a diverging lens?

Virtual and upright Signup and view all the answers

When light enters a medium where it speeds up, what does the refracted ray do?

Bends away from the normal. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the size of the image formed by a concave mirror when the object is located between C and F?

The image is larger and inverted. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term ‘normal’ refer to in optics?

A reference line perpendicular to the surface. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemistry

Ions form when electrons move from one atom to another. A positive charge indicates electron loss; a negative charge indicates electron gain.
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons, loosely bound, and available for bonding.
The number of valence electrons corresponds to a group number on the periodic table. For groups 13-18, subtract 10 to find the number of valence electrons.
Atoms prefer to be stable while forming compounds; noble gases are already stable.

Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams

Write the standard atomic notation.
Calculate protons, electrons, and neutrons (PEN).
Draw a nucleus (circle) with protons and neutrons inside.
Draw an orbital (larger circle) around the nucleus and place electrons inside.
The first orbital holds a maximum of 2 electrons; subsequent orbitals can hold 8 electrons.
When drawing ions, ensure they are stable.

Five Special Transition Metals

Copper (Cu): +2 or +1
Iron (Fe): +3 or +2
Lead (Pb): +4 or +2
Tin (Sn): +4 or +2
Manganese (Mn): +4 or +2

Compounds

Ionic compounds are formed between a metal and a non-metal. The metal is positive, and the non-metal is negative.
Polyatomic compounds are ions made of more than one atom acting as a single unit. They are similar to ionic compounds, but with a polyatomic ion acting as the nonmetal.
Molecular compounds are formed from two or more non-metals.

Writing Chemical Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Write the symbols for the elements, with the metal first.
Write the ionic charge above each symbol.
Crisscross the numbers (ionic charges) downwards. Delete the signs (positive/negative charges).
Write the crisscrossed numbers as subscripts. Do not write 1.
Divide subscripts by the highest common denominator.

Naming Ionic Compounds

Name the metal first using the periodic table.
Name the nonmetal second, changing the ending to "ide."
If the metal is one of the five special transition metals, state its charge with Roman numerals.

Writing Chemical Formulas for Polyatomic Compounds

Write the symbols for the metal and polyatomic ion, writing the metal first.
Write the ionic charges above each symbol; place brackets around the polyatomic ion.
Crisscross the numbers downwards; delete the signs.
Write the crisscrossed numbers as subscripts. Remove brackets if the subscript outside is 1.
Divide subscripts by the highest common denominator.

Naming Molecular compounds

Name the first element, using the name from the periodic table.
Name the second element, using the "ide" ending.
Use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element.

The Law of Conservation of Mass

In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Make an inventory of atoms on both sides of the equation.
Multiply chemical formulas by coefficients to balance the number of atoms of each element.
Never change the chemical formula.
When you change a coefficient, recalculate the inventory to check if it is balanced.

Types of Reactions

Synthesis: atoms or elements combine to form a new substance. A + B → AB
Decomposition: a substance breaks down into simpler substances. AB → A + B
Single Displacement: one element replaces another element in a compound. Z + AB → ZB + A
Double Displacement: elements in two different compounds exchange places. AB + XY → AY + XB
Combustion: a substance reacts with oxygen and releases energy, typically oxygen.

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

Exothermic: releases energy (heat or light).
Endothermic: absorbs energy (heat or light).

Acids and Bases

Acids: sour taste; corrosive; good conductors; chemically reactive; contain H⁺ ions.
Bases: bitter taste; corrosive; good conductors; slippery texture; contain OH⁻ ions.

pH Scale

pH measures the strength of acids and bases.
A pH of 7 is neutral.
Lower values are more acidic; higher values are more alkaline.

Optics

Luminosity

Luminous objects produce their own light.
Non-luminous objects do not produce their own light.

Sources of Light

Incandescence: light produced by heat.
Electric Discharge: light produced by passing an electric current through a gas.
Phosphorescence: light emitted after absorbing ultraviolet light.
Fluorescence: immediate emission of visible light after absorbing ultraviolet light.
Chemiluminescence: light produced by a chemical reaction.
Bioluminescence: chemiluminescence in living organisms.
Triboluminescence: light produced when certain crystals are scratched, crushed, or rubbed.

Transparent, Translucent, Opaque

Transparent: light passes straight through.
Translucent: some light passes through, but the object is not clear.
Opaque: no light passes through.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Wavelength: distance between two waves.
Frequency: the number of waves passing a certain point per unit of time.
Energy: related to the frequency; greater frequency = greater energy.

Plane Mirrors

Incident ray: incoming ray.
Reflected ray: ray that bounces.
Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection
Normal: perpendicular line to the plane of the mirror.

Law of Reflection

The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.

Bending of Light (Refraction)

Light bends as it enters a medium with a different density.
Light bends toward the normal when going from a less dense to a more dense medium.
Light bends away from the normal when going from a more dense to a less dense medium.

Index of Refraction

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the medium.
Index of refraction is calculated using the formula: n=c/v; (Speed of light in a vacuum/Speed of light in the medium)

Biology

Parts of Cells

Nucleus: Brain of the cell; controls all cellular activities; holds DNA.
Cell membrane: Flexible double layer that separates the cell’s interior from its surroundings.
Cytoplasm: fluid-like substance that fills the cell; suspends organelles.
Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; involved in cellular respiration (producing energy).
Ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): network of membranes involved in transporting materials (Rough ER also involved in protein synthesis)
Vacuoles: fluid-filled structures that store water, food, or waste products.
Chloroplasts: (plant cells) contains chlorophyll; involved in photosynthesis.
Cell Wall (plant cells): rigid outer layer that protects and supports the cell.
Golgi Body: Packages and transports cellular materials.
Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes for breaking down waste.

Tissues

Muscle: responsible for movement (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
Epithelial: Covers body surfaces and lines internal organs.
Connective: Supports and connects other tissue types (blood, bone, cartilage).
Nervous: transmits electrical signals throughout the body (neurons).

Cell Division (Mitosis)

Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Telophase: chromosomes decondense, nuclear membranes reform, spindle fibers break down

Body Systems

Respiratory System: Breathing
Circulatory System: Blood circulation
Digestive System: Digestion and absorption

Gas Exchange

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Blood Vessels

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart (thick walls)
Veins: carry blood back to the heart (thin walls)
Capillaries: connect arteries and veins, facilitating gas and nutrient exchange.

Cancer

Benign tumor vs Malignant tumor (how they affect other tissues)
Treatments for cancer (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy)

Climate Change

Weather vs Climate (definitions and examples)
Greenhouse effect (natural process)
Greenhouse gases (definition, types, most effective/least effective)
Evidence and impacts of climate change
Investigating past climates (ice cores, other methods)

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Description

Test your knowledge on fundamental principles of chemistry, including ionic and polyatomic compounds, naming conventions, and key concepts like the Law of Conservation of Mass. This quiz reviews essential topics that are crucial for understanding chemical reactions and structures.