Chemistry Basics: Nucleus and Bonding

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Questions and Answers

Which particles are considered to comprise most of the mass of an atom?

Electrons and Protons

Neutrons and Electrons

Protons and Photons

Neutrons and Protons (correct)

A neutron has a positive charge.

False

What is the mass of a neutron in grams?

1.675 x 10^-24

The proton has a positive charge of essentially one _____ unit (E.SU.).

electrostatic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following particles with their characteristics:

Neutron = Uncharged particle with mass Proton = Positively charged particle Electron = Negatively charged particle Nucleus = Core of the atom containing protons and neutrons Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the H—O—H angle when a certain change occurs?

It becomes smaller Signup and view all the answers

The change causes the bonding orbitals to have less p character.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of character is gained in the bonding orbitals as a result of the change?

p character Signup and view all the answers

The change in the H—O—H angle is associated with a gain in ______ character for the bonding orbitals.

p Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their descriptions:

H—O—H angle = Angle between hydrogen and oxygen atoms Bonding orbitals = Regions of space where the probability of finding electrons is high p character = A type of orbital shape with electron density in two lobes Change effect = Deformation causing angular and orbital character adjustments Signup and view all the answers

What is true about hybrid orbitals in relation to electron pairs?

They can contain both bonded and nonbonded pairs of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

In the ground state electronic structure of oxygen, there are two p orbitals each containing one electron.

True Signup and view all the answers

How many p orbitals have one electron each in the ground state of oxygen?

Two Signup and view all the answers

In H2O, the hybrid orbitals can contain _____ pairs of electrons.

nonbonded Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Hybrid Orbitals = Can contain nonbonded pairs of electrons Ground State = Lowest energy state of an atom p Orbitals = Type of atomic orbital featuring electron density in a dumbbell shape Oxygen Atom = Element with six electrons in its neutral state Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is cited as an example of a strongly polar bond?

Water Signup and view all the answers

In a polar bond, electron density is evenly distributed between the two atoms.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens to electron density in a polar bond?

It shifts toward the more electronegative atom. Signup and view all the answers

In a polar bond such as in water, the more electronegative atom is __________.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Polar bond = Unequal sharing of electrons due to electronegativity differences Electronegativity = Tendency of an atom to attract electrons Electron density = Distribution of electrons in a bond Water = Molecule with a strongly polar bond Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a coordinate covalent bond?

Both electrons in the bond come from a single atom. Signup and view all the answers

Coordinate covalent bonding is typically found in simple chemical entities.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of a coordinate covalent bond?

Both electrons in the bond arise from a single atomic orbital. Signup and view all the answers

In a coordinate covalent bond, both electrons come from the same __________.

atom Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Coordinate Covalent Bond = A bond where both electrons come from one atom Covalent Bond = A bond involving shared electron pairs between atoms Ionic Bond = A bond formed through the transfer of electrons Complex Chemical Entity = A large molecule typically with multiple bonds Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nucleus Composition

The nucleus contains two types of stable particles: neutrons and protons.
Neutrons are uncharged and have a mass of 1.675 x 10^-24 grams.
Protons have a positive charge of one electrostatic unit (e.s.u.).

Covalent Bonding

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
In some cases, both electrons in the bond come from a single orbital on one atom, known as a coordinate covalent bond.
Coordinate covalent bonds are common in complex chemical entities.

Polar Covalent Bonds

In polar covalent bonds, electron density is shifted towards the more electronegative atom in the bond.
Water (H2O) is an example of a strongly polar molecule, with oxygen being more electronegative than hydrogen.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of atomic structure and chemical bonding in this quiz. Understand the roles of neutrons and protons in the nucleus and the nature of covalent and polar covalent bonds. Test your knowledge on how atoms interact through these bonding types.