Chemistry Basics in Spanish

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Questions and Answers

What is the Spanish name for Fe(OH)3?

Trihidróxido de hierro

What is the chemical formula for Dióxido de carbono?

CO2

What is the Spanish name for the compound with the formula SbH3?

Estibano

What is the Spanish name for the chemical compound with the formula P2O5?

<p>Pentaóxido de difósforo</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Dihidróxido de zinc?

<p>Zn(OH)2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why noble gases are considered to be unreactive. Use the concept of electron configuration in your explanation.

<p>Noble gases have a full outer shell of electrons, making them very stable and unreactive. This is because they already have a complete octet (8 electrons in their valence shell) and therefore do not need to gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between ionic and covalent bonding. Provide an example of each type of bonding, including the specific elements involved.

<p>Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal. The metal loses electrons to form a positive ion (cation), while the non-metal gains electrons to form a negative ion (anion). The oppositely charged ions then attract each other, forming an ionic bond. An example is Sodium Chloride (NaCl) formed from the reaction between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl). In contrast, covalent bonding occurs between two non-metals. They share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. An example is the water molecule (H2O) where two hydrogen atoms share electrons with an oxygen atom to achieve a stable, filled valence shell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Octet Rule? Briefly explain how it relates to the formation of chemical compounds.

<p>The Octet Rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a stable configuration with eight electrons in their outermost shell (valence shell). This applies to most elements, driving their tendency to form chemical compounds to achieve this stable configuration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are there exceptions to the Octet Rule? Give at least two examples of elements that do not follow this rule.

<p>Not all elements conform to the Octet Rule. Exceptions occur with elements like hydrogen, lithium, and beryllium. These elements have fewer valence electrons and achieve stability with less than eight electrons in their outermost shell. Hydrogen only needs two electrons to fill its outermost shell, while lithium and beryllium can form stable bonds with less than eight electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the tendency of elements to gain or lose electrons contributes to the formation of compounds. Include an example to illustrate your point.

<p>Elements tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration, similar to that of noble gases. This tendency drives the formation of compounds. For example, in sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium loses one electron to become Na+, which has a stable electron configuration similar to neon. Chlorine gains an electron to become Cl-, achieving a stable configuration similar to Argon. The oppositely charged ions (Na+ and Cl-) are then attracted together, forming an ionic compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for sodium peroxide?

<p>Na₂O₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound corresponds to the formula PbO₂?

<p>Dióxido de plomo</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one example of a metal peroxide from the list provided.

<p>Peróxido de sodio (Na₂O₂) or Peróxido de estroncio (SrO₂)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Spanish name for the compound with the formula MgO₂?

<p>Dióxido de magnesio</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is known as 'óxido de dilitio'?

<p>Li₂O</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element from Group 1 has the greatest metallic character and why?

<p>Francium, because it has the lowest ionization energy, making it more likely to lose electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one substance from the provided examples that is a conductor of electricity in its liquid state.

<p>CaF₂, as it can conduct electricity when melted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances from the list have low melting points?

<p>CO₂, NH₃, SO₂.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one substance from the list that is generally insoluble in water.

<p>Ca, as it typically does not dissolve in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain whether K₂O is ductile or malleable.

<p>K₂O is brittle and not malleable, as it is an ionic compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common oxidation state for alkali metals in Group 1?

<p>+1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide the name for the chemical formula PbO₂.

<p>Lead dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible oxidation states of nitrogen according to its group classification?

<p>+1, +2, +3, +4, +5, -3</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the oxidation state for the halogen fluorine in chemical compounds.

<p>-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic name for the compound CO₂?

<p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxidation state of sulfur in binary compounds?

<p>-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one binary compound that can be formed with nitrogen and its classification.

<p>Nitrides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the traditional name for HCl in Spanish?

<p>Ácido clorhídrico</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Palladium tetrahydride?

<p>PdH₄</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two examples of hydracids and their chemical formulas.

<p>H₂S (Sulfuro de hidrógeno) and HBr (Bromuro de hidrógeno)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the key difference between ionic and covalent bonding.

<p>Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between atoms, while covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic feature distinguishes metallic bonding from ionic and covalent bonding?

<p>Metallic bonding is characterized by a 'sea' of delocalized electrons that move freely around positively charged metal ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ionic compounds generally behave in terms of solubility in water?

<p>Ionic compounds typically dissolve readily in water due to the strong interactions between water molecules and the ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare the melting and boiling points of metallic substances to covalent substances.

<p>Metallic substances usually have high melting and boiling points, while covalent substances tend to have lower melting and boiling points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are metals typically strong and malleable compared to many covalent compounds?

<p>Metals are strong and malleable due to their metallic bonding, which allows layers of atoms to slide over each other without breaking bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Borano

The Spanish name for BH3, a boron hydride.

Dióxido de carbono

The Spanish name for CO2, a common gas in respiration.

Trihidróxido de hierro

The Spanish name for Fe(OH)3, an iron compound.

Dihidróxido de níquel

The Spanish name for Ni(OH)2, a nickel compound.

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Pentaóxido de difósforo

The Spanish name for P2O5, a phosphorus oxide.

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Oxidation State of Group 1

Elements like Li, Na, K have an oxidation state of +1.

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Oxidation State of Group 2

Elements such as Be, Mg, Ca have an oxidation state of +2.

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Common Hydride of Carbon

The hydride of carbon with the formula CH₄ is called methane.

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Oxidation State of Group 17

Halogens like F and Cl can have oxidation states of -1, +1, +3, +5, +7.

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Dihydride of Calcium

The hydride of calcium is represented as CaH₂.

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Binary Compounds

Compounds formed from two different elements with fixed ratios.

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Oxidation States

The charge of an element in a compound indicating electrons lost or gained.

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Hydracids

Acids formed by hydrogen and a non-metal, typically in aqueous solution.

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Carbides

Compounds formed from carbon and a less electronegative element.

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Sulfuro de hidrógeno

The Spanish name for H₂S, known as hydrogen sulfide in English.

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Peroxide

A compound containing an O-O bond, typically with elements like sodium or magnesium.

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Na₂O₂

Sodium peroxide, a bright yellow solid used as a bleaching agent.

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Dióxido de sodio

Spanish for sodium dioxide, another name for sodium peroxide (Na₂O₂).

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MgO₂

Magnesium peroxide, a compound with magnesium and peroxide bond used in various applications.

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SrO₂

Strontium peroxide, a compound used in various chemical applications.

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Ionic Bonding

Occurs between metals and non-metals; involves electron transfer.

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Covalent Bonding

Occurs between non-metals; involves sharing electrons.

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Octet Rule

Atoms combine to have eight electrons in their valence shell.

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Exceptions to Octet Rule

Some elements like hydrogen, lithium, and beryllium do not follow the octet rule.

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Noble Gases

Gases like Argon that lack metallic or non-metallic characteristics.

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Metallic Bonding

A bond characterized by a 'sea' of delocalized electrons around metal ions.

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Melting Point Comparison

Metallic substances usually have high melting and boiling points, while covalent substances have lower ones.

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Electrical Conductivity

Metals conduct electricity due to delocalized electrons; covalent compounds generally do not.

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Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outer shell of an atom that determine its chemical properties.

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Metallic Character

The tendency of an element to lose electrons and form positive ions; increases down a group.

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Conductors of Electricity

Materials that allow the flow of electric current; typically metals or ionic compounds in liquid state.

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Fragility and Malleability

Fragility refers to being easily broken, while malleability refers to the ability to be hammered into thin sheets.

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Study Notes

Chemical Nomenclature

  • Oxides:
    • Li₂O - Oxide of lithium
    • Li₂O₂ - Dioxide of lithium
    • MgO - Oxide of magnesium
    • MgO₂ - Dioxide of magnesium
    • PbO₂ - Dioxide of lead(IV)
    • Na₂O₂ - Peroxide of sodium
    • SrO₂- Peroxide of strontium
    • CO₂ - Dioxide of carbon
    • Fe₂O₃ - Trioxide of iron
    • N₂O₅ - Pentaoxide of dinitrogen
    • Al₂O₃ - Trioxide of aluminum
    • CuO - Oxide of copper(II)
    • Cu₂O - Monoxide of copper
    • PbO - Monoxide of lead(II)

Hydrides

  • BH₃ - Borane
  • CH₄ - Methane
  • SiH₄ - Silane
  • NH₃ - Ammonia
  • PH₃ - Phosphane
  • AsH₃ - Arsane
  • SbH₃ - Stibine
  • SO₃ - Trioxide of sulfur
  • CaH₂ - Dihydride of calcium
  • LiH - Dihydride of lithium
  • H₂S - Hydrogen sulfide
  • H₂Se - Hydrogen selenide.

Hydroxides

  • Fe(OH)₃ - Trihydroxide of iron (III)
  • Ni(OH)₂ - Dihydroxide of nickel(II)
  • AgOH - Hydroxide of silver
  • Al(OH)₃ - Trihydroxide of aluminum
  • Au(OH) - Monohydroxide of gold(I)
  • Co(OH)₂ - Dihydroxide of cobalt(II)

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