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Questions and Answers
How many neutrons are found in magnesium-12?
How many neutrons are found in magnesium-12?
Which of the following elements usually become cations?
Which of the following elements usually become cations?
Which of the following describes a physical property?
Which of the following describes a physical property?
Which of the following is a characteristic of chemical changes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of chemical changes?
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Which observation is quantitative?
Which observation is quantitative?
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In which state of matter do particles vibrate while remaining in fixed positions?
In which state of matter do particles vibrate while remaining in fixed positions?
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Where are protons located within an atom?
Where are protons located within an atom?
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Which of the following correctly defines a mixture?
Which of the following correctly defines a mixture?
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What is a characteristic of molecules in general?
What is a characteristic of molecules in general?
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What is the mass of an electron compared to protons and neutrons?
What is the mass of an electron compared to protons and neutrons?
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What defines a homogeneous mixture?
What defines a homogeneous mixture?
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Which of the following is considered a compound?
Which of the following is considered a compound?
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What distinguishes metals from non-metals in the periodic table?
What distinguishes metals from non-metals in the periodic table?
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What is an isotope?
What is an isotope?
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Where are metalloids located on the periodic table?
Where are metalloids located on the periodic table?
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Why are noble gases considered non-reactive?
Why are noble gases considered non-reactive?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding atomic number?
Which of the following statements is true regarding atomic number?
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What is the atomic mass of Lithium (Li)?
What is the atomic mass of Lithium (Li)?
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What type of bond is formed between metals and non-metals?
What type of bond is formed between metals and non-metals?
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Which of the following compounds is formed between lithium and fluorine?
Which of the following compounds is formed between lithium and fluorine?
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What is the primary process in which electrons are shared to form bonds?
What is the primary process in which electrons are shared to form bonds?
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What type of reaction occurs when substances combine to form a new product?
What type of reaction occurs when substances combine to form a new product?
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What is the chemical formula for dihydrogen monoxide?
What is the chemical formula for dihydrogen monoxide?
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Which of the following describes a combustion reaction?
Which of the following describes a combustion reaction?
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Which reactants will yield magnesium chloride as a product?
Which reactants will yield magnesium chloride as a product?
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In a decomposition reaction, what generally occurs?
In a decomposition reaction, what generally occurs?
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Study Notes
Chemistry Basics
- Physical properties: Properties that can be determined without changing the substance (e.g., color, smell, melting point).
- Chemical properties: Properties that can only be determined by changing the substance (e.g., flammability, toxicity, reactivity).
- Physical changes: Reversible changes in state (e.g., melting ice, vaporizing water).
- Chemical changes: Non-reversible changes (e.g., burning wood, frying an egg).
- Quantitative observation: Has a numerical value (e.g., 15 kg, a dozen roses).
- Qualitative observation: Does not have a numerical value (e.g., red roses, fishy smell).
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States of matter:
- Solids: Particles packed closely together, vibrating.
- Liquids: Particles further apart than solids, flowing past each other.
- Gases: Particles far apart, moving freely.
- Plasma: Superhot, high-pressure gas (e.g., the sun).
Atomic Structure
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Subatomic particles:
- Protons: Positively charged, mass of 1, located in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: Neutrally charged, mass of 1, located in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negatively charged, mass of 1/1838, orbiting the nucleus.
- Element: a type of atom
- Compound: Two or more different atoms bound together (a pure substance).
- Mixture: Combination of different particles in the same space (not bound).
Mixtures and Compounds
- Homogeneous mixture: One phase, looks like one substance (e.g., milk, apple juice).
- Heterogeneous mixture: Multiple phases, different parts are visible (e.g., chicken soup, pizza).
Periodic Table
- Periodic Table: Chart of all elements, arranged by atomic number (number of protons).
- Discoverer: Dmitri Mendeleev.
- Metals: Left of the staircase, want to lose electrons, shiny, conduct electricity.
- Non-metals: Right of the staircase, gain electrons, generally do not conduct electricity.
- Metalloids: Properties of both metals and non-metals, located along the staircase.
- Rows (periods): Tell us how many orbitals an atom has.
- Columns (groups): Tell us how many valence electrons an atom has.
Atomic Properties
- Atomic number: Determines the type of element, equal to the number of protons.
- Atomic mass: Sum of protons and neutrons.
- Isotope: Same element, same number of protons but different number of neutrons (different mass).
Noble Gases
- Non-reactive: Full valence shell.
Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals
- Alkali Metals: One valence electron, more reactive.
- Alkaline Earth Metals: Two valence electrons.
Types of Bonds
- Ionic Bonds: Formed between metals and non-metals by transferring electrons.
- Covalent Bonds: Formed between non-metals by sharing electrons.
Chemical Reactions
- Synthesis reaction: Two or more substances combine to form a new product.
- Decomposition reaction: One substance breaks down to form two or more products.
- Combustion reaction: Burning something in the presence of oxygen.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in chemistry, including physical and chemical properties, changes, and the states of matter. Dive deep into atomic structure and learn about protons, neutrons, and electrons. This quiz covers foundational topics essential for chemistry students.
