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Who believed the universe was made of invisible units called atoms?
Democritus
Aristotle supported Democritus's theory about atoms.
False
What did Dalton's atomic theory propose?
What concept did J.J. Thomson contribute to atomic theory?
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What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment conclude?
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What did Niels Bohr propose about electron arrangement?
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According to Bohr's model, electrons can jump between levels with energy being ___ or ___.
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Who improved upon Bohr's findings by proposing the Quantum Mechanical Model?
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What does the Quantum Mechanical Model describe?
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What does the Principal Quantum Number (n) refer to?
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The azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) can take on any integer value from 0 to n.
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How many electrons can one orbital hold?
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What are the four quantum numbers used to describe electrons in an atom?
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The letters s, p, d, and f also represent the type of orbitals and correspond to the quantum number ℓ values of ___, ___, ___, and ___ respectively.
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The 3d orbital has 6 available orbitals.
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What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 2p subshell?
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Match the quantum number with its description:
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What determines the shape of the orbital?
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The orbital notation for oxygen is 1s2 2s2 2p______.
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Match the quantum numbers with their corresponding values:
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Magnetic Quantum Number (mℓ) indicates the spin of the electron.
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What do the letters s, p, d, and f stand for in relation to orbital types?
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What is the total number of orbitals found in the 3rd energy level?
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The quantum number 'l' indicates the shape of an electron's orbital.
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What is the value of 'ms' for an electron in the 1s orbital if it is spinning clockwise?
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What did Thomson use to discover the electron?
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Rutherford concluded that atoms are mostly solid and have a dense structure.
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What particle did Rutherford identify as being located in the nucleus?
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Electrons orbit the nucleus similar to how planets orbit the _____?
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What was one of Rutherford's conclusions based on the Gold Foil Experiment?
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Electrons can only exist at certain fixed energy levels in Bohr's model.
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Match the following scientists with their discoveries:
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What is the term for the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the quantum mechanical model?
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The quantum mechanical model provides specific paths for electrons to follow around the nucleus.
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What determines the allowed energies an electron can have according to the quantum mechanical model?
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Each energy sublevel corresponds to one or more __________ of different shapes.
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What role do orbitals play in the quantum mechanical model?
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A quantum is the amount of energy needed for an electron to remain in the same energy level.
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Match the concepts with their definitions:
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The allowed energies of an electron can be described by its __________.
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What is the shape of the p subshell?
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Electrons in the same orbital can have the same spin quantum number.
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What is the value of the magnetic quantum number (mℓ) when ℓ equals 2?
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The value of the spin quantum number (ms) can be either ___ or ___.
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Which orbital corresponds to the angular momentum quantum number ℓ=0?
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Match the subshell type with its corresponding angular momentum quantum number (ℓ):
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A half-filled subshell is paramagnetic.
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What is the principle that states no two electrons in the same atom can have identical quantum numbers?
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Study Notes
Atomic Theory Through the Ages
-
Democritus proposed that the universe was made of invisible units called atoms.
-400 BC
-took 2000 years to be proved right
-
Aristotle supported Democritus's theory about atoms.
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Dalton's Atomic Theory proposed that all matter is made up of atoms, which are indivisible and indestructible particles.
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"billiard ball model" was proposed by john dalton in 1804
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john dalton (1766-1844)
-wrote the first atomic theory
-atoms can neither be destroyed nor be created
-atoms of an element are identical
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J.J. Thomson discovered the electron, a negatively charged particle, which he proposed were embedded in a positively charged sphere.
-also used cathode ray experiment to discover the existence of the electron
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discovery of the electron
-1897, Thomson used a cathode ray tube to deduce the presence of a electron.
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nuclear model - Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment concluded that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at their center.
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Niels Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels or shells.
-According to Bohr's model, electrons can jump between levels with energy being absorbed or emitted.
-electrons revolve the nucleus (like planets in the solar system)
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Erwin Schrödinger improved upon Bohr's findings by proposing the Quantum Mechanical Model.
- The Quantum Mechanical Model describes electrons as existing in probability regions called orbitals, a more sophisticated model than Bohr's.
- Principal Quantum Number (n) refers to the energy level of an electron, with higher numbers indicating higher energy levels.
-The azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) can take on any integer value from 0 to n-1, with ℓ = 0, 1, 2, and 3 representing s, p, d, and f orbitals, respectively.
- Each orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons.
Quantum Numbers: Describing Electron Behavior
- The four quantum numbers used to describe electrons in an atom are:
- Principal Quantum Number (n): Describes the energy level of an electron
- Azimuthal Quantum Number (ℓ): Describes the shape of an electron's orbital.
- Magnetic Quantum Number (mℓ): Describes the orientation of an electron's orbital in space.
- Spin Quantum Number (ms): Describes the spin of an electron, either spin up (+1/2) or spin down (-1/2)
Orbital Types and Configurations
- The letters s, p, d, and f also represent the type of orbitals and correspond to the quantum number ℓ values of 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
- The 3d orbital has 6 available orbitals.
- The maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 2p subshell is 6.
- The orbital notation for oxygen is 1s2 2s2 2p4.
- The Magnetic Quantum Number (mℓ) indicates the orientation of the orbital in space.
- The letters s, p, d, and f stand for sharp, principal, diffuse, and fundamental, respectively, which are historical terms related to the appearance of spectral lines.
Electron Arrangement
- The total number of orbitals found in the 3rd energy level is 9.
- The value of ms for an electron in the 1s orbital if it is spinning clockwise is +1/2.
- Thomson used a cathode ray tube to discover the electron.
- Rutherford concluded that atoms are mostly empty space and have a dense nucleus.
- Rutherford identified the proton as being located in the nucleus.
- Electrons orbit the nucleus similar to how planets orbit the Sun.
- One of Rutherford's conclusions based on the Gold Foil Experiment was that atoms have a positively charged center.
Energy Levels and Quantum Mechanics
- Bohr's model states that electrons can only exist at certain fixed energy levels.
- The term for the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another is ionization energy.
- The quantum mechanical model describes electrons as existing as probability waves within orbitals, rather than fixed orbits.
- Allowed energies of an electron are determined by its principal quantum number (n) and the potential energy of the electron within the atom's electric field.
- Each energy sublevel corresponds to one or more orbitals of different shapes.
- Orbitals are probability regions where electrons are likely to be found, providing a more realistic representation of electrons' behavior.
- Quantum is the amount of minimum energy an electron can absorb/release to transition between energy levels.
Orbital Shape and Quantum Numbers
- The allowed energies of an electron can be described by its principal quantum number (n).
- The p subshell has a dumbbell shape.
- The value of the magnetic quantum number (mℓ) when ℓ equals 2 is -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.
- The value of the spin quantum number (ms) can be either +1/2 or -1/2.
- The s orbital corresponds to the angular momentum quantum number ℓ = 0.
- s, p, d, and f subshells correspond to ℓ values of 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
- Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in the same atom can have identical quantum numbers.
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Description
Explore the development of atomic theory from Democritus to Rutherford in this quiz. Learn about key figures and their contributions to our understanding of the atom, including models proposed by Dalton and Thomson. Test your knowledge of the historical progression of atomic models and their significance in chemistry.