Chemistry: Adsorption and Absorption

The uniform distribution of a substance through another at the surface. It involves the condensation of ions, molecules, or aggregates of molecules onto a surface.

The phenomenon where a substance accumulates at the boundary between two different phases, like solid-gas, oil-water, or gas-liquid.

This component is the substance that gets adsorbed onto the surface of another substance.

This component is the substance that adsorbs the adsorbate onto its surface.

This type of adsorption involves weaker Van der Waals forces and is reversible. It is more common at lower temperatures and readily liquefiable gases.

This type of adsorption involves stronger valence forces, is often irreversible, and involves ion exchange processes. It occurs at higher temperatures and is more specific than physical adsorption.

The penetration of one substance throughout the body of another. It is a different process from adsorption.

The amount of heat released or absorbed during adsorption. It can help distinguish between physical and chemical adsorption.

Happens when the concentration of the adsorbate is higher on the surface of the adsorbent compared to the bulk solution.

Happens when the concentration of the adsorbate is lower on the surface of the adsorbent compared to the bulk solution.

The relationship between the amount of gas adsorbed and the partial pressure of the gas at a constant temperature.

A type of adsorption isotherm where the adsorbent has small pores and the adsorption process leads to the formation of a single layer of adsorbate molecules on the surface.

A type of adsorption isotherm where the adsorbent has large pores and the adsorption process leads to the formation of multiple layers of adsorbate molecules on the surface.

The separation of components in a mixture based on their different adsorption affinities to a stationary phase.

A type of chromatography where the separation is based on the different adsorption affinities of the components to a stationary phase, which is a solid absorbent.

Large molecules, such as proteins, can bind strongly to adsorbents, making it challenging to completely remove pyrogens from their solutions.

The physical properties of powdered substances are heavily influenced by their surface area. This impacts how quickly they dissolve, oxidize, absorb moisture, and settle.

Membrane filters used to sterilize solutions have pores of a specific size (450 nm). This is crucial for removing microorganisms while allowing the liquid to pass.

Lyophilic colloids (those that like liquids) can stabilize lyophobic colloids (those that dislike liquids). These stabilizing agents prevent the lyophobic colloids from clumping together.

Emulsifying agents, with a specific balance of hydrophilic and lipophilic properties, keep oil and water mixed in an emulsion. This balance (HLB) ensures stability.

Represents unrestricted monolayer and multilayer adsorption, showing a point where monolayer coverage is complete and multilayer adsorption begins.

Reversible isotherm convex to the x-axis, indicating unrestricted multilayer formation due to strong lateral interactions between adsorbed molecules.

Isotherm with a hysteresis loop, associated with capillary condensation in mesopores, indicating multilayer adsorption followed by capillary condensation.

Similar to Type II, but with a weaker interaction between the adsorbate and the surface, leading to multilayer formation.

Represents stepwise multilayer adsorption on a uniform, non-porous surface, showing distinct steps for each adsorbed layer.

Used to calculate the amount of gas adsorbed at a given relative pressure, taking into account monolayer capacity and BET constant.

Typically hydrophilic and polar, examples include silica gel and zeolites.

Typically hydrophobic and non-polar; examples include activated carbon and graphite.

Contain polar or non-polar functional groups in a porous polymer matrix, examples include polymers and resins.

Pore size range: 2 to 20 angstroms; these materials have very small pores.

Pore size range: 20 to 500 angstroms; these materials have medium-sized pores.

Pore size range: Greater than 500 angstroms; these materials have large pores.

Widely used for drying various materials, including refrigerants, organic solvents, and transformer oils.

Used for drying gases, organic solvents, and transformer oils, as well as removing HCl from hydrogen.

Commonly used for odor removal, solvent vapor recovery, and water purification, among other applications.

Used for various purification processes, including water treatment, recovery of steroids and amino acids, and separation of fatty acids.

Used for oil treatment, pigment removal, and refining of mineral oils.