Chemistry Acids and Bases

A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor.

Lower Ka values correspond to weaker acids.

<p>Higher Kb values correspond to stronger bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sum of pKa and pKb equals pKw, which is 14 at 25°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoprotolysis of water is the reaction where two water molecules react to form hydronium (H3O+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solvent leveling is the phenomenon where the strengths of acids or bases are leveled by the solvent's ability to donate or accept protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Hard and Soft Acid Base (HSAB) principle states that hard acids prefer to bind to hard bases, and soft acids prefer to bind to soft bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hard acids are typically small, highly charged ions with a high oxidation state. Soft acids are larger, less charged ions with a lower oxidation state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hard bases are typically small, highly electronegative ions with filled orbitals. Soft bases are larger, polarizable ions with partially filled orbitals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, which are tightly packed together, leading to a very high density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotopes with an even number of protons and neutrons often achieve greater stability due to the pairing of nucleons. This pairing minimizes repulsive forces within the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unstable nuclei decay when the forces within the nucleus are not strong enough to hold together the protons and neutrons. The nucleus releases energy to transform into a more stable configuration by emitting particles or radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four main types of radioactive decay are alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay, and electron capture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unit of measurement for radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq), which represents one disintegration per second.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive nuclei in a sample to decay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding energy is the energy required to separate the nucleons (protons and neutrons) within a nucleus. Higher binding energy per nucleon corresponds to greater nuclear stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mass defect is the difference between the actual mass of a nucleus and the sum of the masses of its individual protons and neutrons. This mass difference is converted into binding energy, which holds the nucleus together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy. Nuclear fusion is the process of combining light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, also releasing a large amount of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate of a nuclear reaction is influenced by factors such as the type of nuclear reaction (fission or fusion), the energy levels involved, the abundance of reactants, and the presence of catalysts or moderators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chain reaction is a self-sustaining process in nuclear fission where the neutrons released from one fission event trigger additional fission events, creating a cascade of reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Critical mass is the minimum amount of fissile material required to sustain a chain reaction. If the mass is below critical, the chain reaction will die out, whereas if it is above critical, it will accelerate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radioactivity finds applications in diverse fields such as medicine (diagnosis and treatment), industry (gauging and sterilization), agriculture (mutation breeding), and archeology (dating artifacts).</p> Signup and view all the answers