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Questions and Answers
What is the primary definition of matter?
What is the primary definition of matter?
Which of the following correctly describes isotopes?
Which of the following correctly describes isotopes?
How do you calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine with two isotopes?
How do you calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine with two isotopes?
What does the conservation of mass law state?
What does the conservation of mass law state?
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In balancing a chemical equation, which atom should be balanced first?
In balancing a chemical equation, which atom should be balanced first?
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What is the main purpose of stoichiometry in chemistry?
What is the main purpose of stoichiometry in chemistry?
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Which of the following best describes limiting reagents?
Which of the following best describes limiting reagents?
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How is the percent yield calculated in a chemical reaction?
How is the percent yield calculated in a chemical reaction?
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Study Notes
SI System Units
- Length: meter
- Time: second
- Amount of substance: mole (mol)
- Electric current: ampere (amp)
- Temperature: Kelvin
- Mass: kilogram
Matter
- Matter is a physical substance with mass and occupies space.
Atomic Structure
- Atomic number: number of protons in an atom's nucleus
- The number of protons equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
- Atoms with the same number of protons are the same element.
- Atomic mass: sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
- To find the number of neutrons, subtract the number of protons from the atomic mass.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are different versions of the same element.
- Isotopes have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
- Isotope number: total number of protons and neutrons.
- Average atomic mass calculation: weighted average of the masses of different isotopes based on their natural abundance in percentage.
Conservation of Mass
- Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
- All atoms present in the reactants are present in the products, in some form.
- Small mass loss in chemical reactions is due to released energy.
Balancing Equations
- In chemical equations, balance the atoms on both sides of the equation to maintain conservation of mass.
- Balance the oxygen atoms first and then balance the other elements.
Limiting and Excess Reagents
- Limiting reagent determines the maximum amount of product. (Complete and balance the chemical equation, convert to moles)
- Use the mole ratio to calculate the moles of the product from the limiting reagent.
- Find the mass of the product.
Stoichiometry
- Mole to mole conversions: Use coefficients in balanced equations.
- Mole to mass conversions: Calculate product mass using molar mass.
Percent Yield
- Percent yield: actual yield/theoretical yield x 100%.
- Actual yield: experimentally obtained amount of product.
- Theoretical yield: maximum amount of product calculated.
Chemical Bonding
- Ionic compounds: solid at room temperature, formed between metals and nonmetals.
- Covalent compounds: formed between nonmetals, can be in any state (solid, liquid, gas).
Molecular Shapes
- Molecular shapes and bond angles are important aspects of covalent compounds. (Shape list given in the document)
Electronegativity/ Atomic Radius
- Electronegativity increases across a period and decreases down a group.
- Atomic Radius increases down a group and decreases across a period.
Ionic Radius and Ionization Energy
- Ionic radius of a cation is less than atomic radius.
- Ionic radius of an anion is greater than atomic radius.
- Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from a gaseous atom.
Electron Affinity
- Electron affinity is the energy released when an electron is added to a gaseous atom.
Gas Laws
- Charles' Law: volume varies directly with temperature at a constant pressure.
- Boyle's Law: pressure varies inversely with volume at a constant temperature.
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
- Universal value of STP: 1 atm pressure and 0°C (convert to Kelvin).
- 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L at STP..
- Use Ideal Gas equation when amount of gas and mass are given.
Lewis Structures
- Lewis structures are used to represent molecules and polyatomic ions.
- Valence electron count.
- Determine number of bonds needed to complete the octet rule.
- Central atom.
- Skeletal structure.
- Place electrons outside the atoms.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of matter, atomic structure, and the SI system units in chemistry. This quiz covers essential topics such as isotopes, conservation of mass, and calculations related to atomic properties. Perfect for 10th-grade students preparing for exams.
