Chemical vs Physical Change
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a chemical property?

  • It remains the same regardless of environmental conditions.
  • It refers to the state of matter of the substance.
  • The substance can be observed without changing its composition.
  • It can only be determined by altering the substance. (correct)

    • What determines the buoyancy of an object in water?

  • The viscosity of the substance.
  • The object's shape.
  • The chemical composition of the object.
  • The density of the object relative to water. (correct)

    • Which of the following indicates a physical change?

  • A flammable liquid igniting.
  • Baking a cake to produce a new substance.
  • Iron rusting in the presence of oxygen.
  • Melting ice into water. (correct)

    • What is the role of conductivity in defining a physical property?

    <p>It indicates how easily heat or electricity passes through a substance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of a chemical change?

    <p>Change in texture of the substance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is density calculated?

    <p>Density = Mass / Volume. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic differentiates ductility from malleability?

    <p>Ductility is the ability to be drawn into a wire and malleability is the ability to be hammered flat. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these describes the process of rusting?

    <p>A slow reaction with moisture and oxygen, leading to corrosion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total energy consumed by a 5W light bulb used for 8 hours, expressed in Joules?

    <p>144,000 J (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is used to represent energy consumption for electric generation?

    <p>Kilowatt-hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a food chain, which trophic level does the apple tree occupy?

    <p>Producer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a hawk derives energy from eating sparrows and only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level, how much energy does a hawk receive if it consumes a sparrow that provides 500 J?

    <p>50 J (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected cost of running a 1100 W microwave for 10 minutes at a rate of 12.2 cents per kWh?

    <p>2.2¢ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical reaction represents cellular respiration?

    <p>C6H12O6 + O2 → H2O + CO2 + energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a pyramid of energy?

    <p>It illustrates energy transfer efficiency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symbiotic relationship is exemplified when one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed?

    <p>Commensalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of energy transfer in ecosystems, what is the significance of photosynthesis?

    <p>It produces sugars that serve as energy for consumers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon provides evidence for the early universe being extremely hot and dense?

    <p>Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of eclipse is the Earth positioned between the Sun and the Moon?

    <p>Lunar eclipse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of the Moon's gravitational pull on Earth?

    <p>It creates ocean tides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the current if the resistance in a circuit increases while the voltage remains constant?

    <p>The current decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a conductor?

    <p>Material that allows electron flow freely (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements has the largest atomic radius?

    <p>Francium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for electric power?

    <p>Watt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily determines the increasing atomic radius as you move down a group in the periodic table?

    <p>Increasing energy levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere allows static electricity to discharge as lightning?

    <p>Troposphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when two objects are rubbed together causing one to lose electrons?

    <p>Charging by friction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compound is formed by the reaction of a metal with a non-metal?

    <p>Binary ionic compound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following noble gases is capable of forming compounds under certain circumstances?

    <p>Xenon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does current behave in a series circuit?

    <p>The same current flows through all components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of metals contributes most to their reactivity?

    <p>Ability to lose electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is characterized by having a high energy level and being able to cool down to form cosmic microwave background radiation?

    <p>Gamma rays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of object is a meteorite?

    <p>A meteoroid that has survived a fall to Earth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of alkali metals?

    <p>They are very reactive and can react with water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dictates which material will become positively charged when two items are rubbed together?

    <p>Their position in the electrostatic series (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the HR diagram, which type of stars are located in the bottom right part?

    <p>Low temperature, low luminosity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the Big Bang is true?

    <p>It involved a rapid expansion from a small point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the composition of comets?

    <p>Frozen gases and dust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the change in light wavelength observed from distant stars moving away from us?

    <p>Doppler Effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the current understanding of dark energy?

    <p>It helps account for the accelerating expansion of the universe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these examples is a correct molecular compound name?

    <p>H2O - Dihydrogen Monoxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which planet is known to have no moons?

    <p>Mercury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What definition best describes a dwarf planet?

    <p>A small celestial body that orbits the Sun and has not cleared its orbit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do metalloids exhibit?

    <p>They possess some metal properties but lack all. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemical vs Physical Change

    • Chemical properties describe changes that result in new substances. Examples include flammability and corrosiveness.
    • Physical properties can be observed without changing a substance into another. Examples include texture, state of matter, and density.

    Physical Properties

    • State of matter: Solid, liquid, or gas.
    • Odour: Smell (sweet, sour, etc.).
    • Texture: Surface feel (rough, smooth).
    • Lustre: Light reflection (shiny or dull).
    • Malleability: Ability to be hammered flat.
    • Ductility: Ability to be drawn into wire.
    • Brittleness: Tendency to shatter.
    • Viscosity: Resistance to flow.
    • Hardness: Resistance to scratching.
    • Density: Mass per unit volume (D = m/V). Objects with density less than water float; greater than water sink.
    • Solubility: Ability to dissolve in water.
    • Conductivity: Ability to transfer heat or electricity.

    Chemical Properties

    • Chemical properties identify a substance's ability to undergo chemical changes, forming new substances.
    • Reactivity: How easily a substance reacts with others (e.g., acids, oxygen).
    • Stability: Resistance to reactions.
    • Corrosivity: Ability to react with oxygen and form new substances.
    • Flammability: Ability to react rapidly with oxygen.
    • Combustibility: Ability to explode when reacting with oxygen.

    Signs of Chemical Change

    • Permanent colour change.
    • Spontaneous temperature change.
    • Smoke, bubbles, or a new gas.
    • Light produced (without external heat).
    • Formation of a solid (precipitate) when mixing liquids.

    Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams

    • Protons = Atomic number.
    • Neutrons = Mass number - Atomic number.
    • Electrons are arranged in orbitals based on periodic table positions.

    Patterns/Trends on the Periodic Table

    • Atomic radius: Increases down a group due to more energy levels; decreases across a period due to increased nuclear pull. Francium has the largest. Helium the smallest.
    • Reactivity (metals): Highly reactive lose electrons easily; larger metals are more reactive.
    • Reactivity (non-metals): Highly reactive gain electrons easily; smaller non-metals are more reactive.
    • Noble gases: Stable due to full valence shells.

    Families on the Periodic Table

    • Organized by similar properties and increasing mass.

    • Metals: Malleable, lustrous, heat/electricity conductors.

    • Metalloids: Possess some metallic properties.

    • Alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr): Highly reactive in water.

    • Alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra): Somewhat reactive; react with acids.

    • Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At): Very reactive; often used as disinfectants.

    • Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn): Do not react; stable.

    Naming Compounds

    • Ionic compounds: Metal + non-metal. Metal name + non-metal name ending in "-ide". (e.g., NaCl = Sodium Chloride). Numerical prefixes are not used.
    • Molecular compounds: Non-metal + non-metal. Use prefixes to indicate number of atoms (mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa). (e.g., CO2 = Carbon dioxide).

    Gravity

    • An attractive force between any two objects with mass, dependent on mass and distance.

    Solar System

    • All objects gravitationally bound to the Sun.
    • Sun: Star, creates light and heat from nuclear fusion.
    • Planets: Orbit the Sun, spherical due to gravity, cleared orbits.
    • Dwarf Planets: Similar to planets but have not cleared neighbours from their orbit.
    • Moons: Orbit planets; not all planets have moons.
    • Astronomical Units (AU): Standard scale inside the Solar System, average Earth-Sun distance.

    Red Shift/Blue Shift

    • Red Shift: Longer wavelengths due to source moving away. Indicates universe expansion.
    • Blue Shift: Shorter wavelengths due to source moving closer

    HR Diagrams

    • Plots the luminosity and temperature of stars. Stars at top left are larger and hotter. Bottom right are smaller and cooler..

    Dark Matter/Dark Energy

    • Dark Matter: Undetectable matter needed to explain observed star speeds.
    • Dark Energy: Unidentified energy contributing to the accelerating expansion of the universe.

    Big Bang

    • 13.5 billion years ago, rapid expansion from a tiny point.
    • Evidence: Expanding universe; early chemical composition; oldest star characteristics; Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) – leftover heat from the hot early universe.

    Asteroids, Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites

    • Asteroids: Rocky objects orbiting the Sun.
    • Meteoroids: Small asteroids near Earth's orbit.
    • Meteors: Meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere (shooting stars).
    • Meteorites: Meteors that reach the ground.

    Comets

    • Frozen gas chunks with long orbits around the sun. Form tails when near the sun that point away from it.

    Eclipses

    • Solar eclipse: Sun → Moon → Earth.
    • Lunar eclipse: Sun → Earth → Moon.
    • Occurs only when positions align; lunar eclipses more common visible from large area..

    Electricity

    Law of Electric Charges

    • Like charges repel; opposite charges attract.

    Activity Series

    • Neutral objects have equal positive and negative charges.
    • Positively charged objects have more positive charges.
    • Negatively charged objects have excess negative charges.

    Applications of Static Electricity

    • Lightning: Static discharge.
    • Electronic Manufacturing: Grounding to prevent damage.
    • Photocopiers: Static electricity attracts toner particles to paper.
    • Air filters: Static charges collect particles.

    Ohm's Law

    • Charge (Q): Unit Coulomb (C). Amount of excess electrons or protons (1 e/p 1.6 x 10-19 C).
    • Voltage (V): Unit Volts (V). Energy a charge gets or loses (1 V = 1 Joule/Coulomb).
    • Current (I): Unit Amperes (A). Amount of charge passing a point per second (1 A = 1 Coulomb/second).
    • Resistance (R): Unit Ohms (Ω). Difficulty for electricity to flow through a material.
    • Relationship: Voltage increases, current increases; resistance increases, current decreases.

    Charging by Friction/Contact

    • Friction: Rubbing transfers electrons, creating opposite charges.
    • Contact: Directly transferring electrons from one object to another.

    Insulators/Conductors

    • Conductor: Material allows electrons to flow easily (e.g., metal).
    • Insulator: Material resists electron flow (e.g., rubber, plastic).

    Series/Parallel Circuits

    • Series: Components in a line; same current flows through each.
    • Parallel: Components have own branches; same voltage across each.

    Power and Cost

    • Power (P): Rate of energy use (Watts (W), Joules/second).
    • Energy: Power x time. (Joules, Kilo Watt Hours)
    • Cost: Rate x Energy.

    Trophic Levels

    • Producers (autotrophs): Make their own food (e.g., plants).
    • Consumers (heterotrophs): Get energy by consuming other organisms.
    • Primary consumers: Consume producers.
    • Secondary consumers: Consume primary consumers.
    • Tertiary consumers: Consume secondary consumers.
    • Energy transfer efficiencies average about 10% between trophic levels.

    Energy in Ecosystems

    • Energy flows from producers to consumers.
    • Photosynthesis: Converts sunlight into chemical energy (sugar). CO2 + H2O → O2 + Sugar.
    • Cellular Respiration: Releases energy from sugars (sugar + O2 → H2O + CO2 + Energy)

    Food Chains/Food Webs

    • Food chains: Single pathways of energy transfer.
    • Food webs: Complex networks of interconnected food chains.

    Population Growth Curves

    • Lag phase: Slow population growth.
    • Exponential growth phase: Rapid population growth.
    • Plateau phase: Population stabilizes near carrying capacity.

    Biotic/Abiotic Factors

    • Biotic: Living or once-living components (e.g., animals, plants, dead leaves).
    • Abiotic: Non-living components (e.g., water, air, sunlight, rocks).

    Ecological Pyramids

    1. Pyramid of Numbers: Depicts number of individuals at each trophic level. May be inverted.
    2. Pyramid of Biomass: Depicts total mass of individuals at each trophic level. May be inverted.
    3. Pyramid of Energy: Depicts energy transferred at each trophic level; always wider at base.

    Predator/Prey

    • Predator: Eats prey.
    • Prey: Eaten by predator.

    Symbiotic Relationships

    • Mutualism: Both species benefit.
    • Commensalism: One species benefits, the other is unaffected.
    • Parasitism: One species benefits, the other is harmed.

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    Description

    Explore the differences between chemical and physical changes in matter! This quiz delves into the characteristics of various physical and chemical properties, providing examples and definitions to test your understanding. Perfect for students learning about the basics of chemistry.

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