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Questions and Answers
What is one of the five general categories of chemical transformations that occur in cells?
What is one of the five general categories of chemical transformations that occur in cells?
Which of the following may cause hypovitaminosis?
Which of the following may cause hypovitaminosis?
Which statement correctly describes fat-soluble vitamins?
Which statement correctly describes fat-soluble vitamins?
What is a provitamin?
What is a provitamin?
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Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism for reactions within the category of oxidation and reduction?
Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism for reactions within the category of oxidation and reduction?
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Vitamin A is associated with which of the following vitamers?
Vitamin A is associated with which of the following vitamers?
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What condition results from excessive intake of vitamins A and D?
What condition results from excessive intake of vitamins A and D?
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Which type of chemical transformation involves the breaking or forming of carbon-carbon bonds?
Which type of chemical transformation involves the breaking or forming of carbon-carbon bonds?
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Study Notes
Chemical Transformations in Cells
- Cells carry out thousands of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
- Five general categories of reactions occur within cells:
- Functional group transfers: A functional group moves from one molecule to another.
- Oxidations and reductions: Electrons are transferred between molecules.
- Rearrangement of carbon bonds: Bonds within a molecule are rearranged.
- Formation or breakage of carbon-carbon bonds: Bonds are either formed or broken between carbon atoms.
- Condensation reactions: Two molecules combine with the loss of a water molecule.
Vitamins
- Organic compounds needed in small amounts for specific biological functions.
- Required for optimal health.
- Obtained from food or supplements.
- Supplements: Synthetic or natural substances in pill, tablet, capsule, wafer, powder, or liquid form.
- A balanced diet typically provides sufficient vitamins.
- Hypovitaminosis: Deficiency caused by low intake, impaired absorption, increased metabolism, or inadequate storage.
- Hypervitaminosis: Toxicity from excess intake, especially Vitamins A and D.
- Vitamers: Different forms of the same vitamin (e.g., retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid are all vitamin A).
- Provitamins: Precursors that are converted to vitamins in the body.
Vitamin Classification
-
Fat-soluble vitamins: (A, D, E, K)
- Hydrophobic: Dissolve in fats.
- Absorption: Requires bile salts.
- Heat stable: Resistant to heat.
- Unstable to oxygen and sunlight: Degradation can occur under these conditions.
-
Water-soluble vitamins: (B-complex, C)
- Hydrophilic: Dissolve in water.
- Absorption: Does not require bile salts.
- Heat labile: Can be destroyed by heat.
- Stable to oxygen and sunlight: Relatively stable under these conditions.
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Description
Explore the fundamental chemical reactions that take place within cells, including enzyme-catalyzed processes and the various categories of reactions. This quiz also delves into the essential role of vitamins, their sources, and their importance for maintaining health.
