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Questions and Answers
What happens to a surfactant when the lipophilic group is weaker than the hydrophilic group?
What happens to a surfactant when the lipophilic group is weaker than the hydrophilic group?
- It becomes water-soluble (correct)
- It becomes inactive
- It becomes oil-soluble
- It becomes less effective
What type of surfactant is formed when the lipophilic group is stronger than the hydrophilic part?
What type of surfactant is formed when the lipophilic group is stronger than the hydrophilic part?
- Partially soluble
- Inert
- Oil-soluble (correct)
- Water-soluble
What is the significance of surfactants that are both water-soluble and oil-soluble?
What is the significance of surfactants that are both water-soluble and oil-soluble?
- They offer physio-chemical advantages (correct)
- They are ineffective
- They have limited use
- They are unstable
In what products are surfactants commonly used in design and manufacturing?
In what products are surfactants commonly used in design and manufacturing?
What do surfactants produce once they reach their CMC (Critical Micellar Concentration)?
What do surfactants produce once they reach their CMC (Critical Micellar Concentration)?
How do surfactants contribute to the bio-medical and bio-chemical fields?
How do surfactants contribute to the bio-medical and bio-chemical fields?
Why is cholesterol added to a Niosomal system?
Why is cholesterol added to a Niosomal system?
Which of the following is a membrane additive that increases the surface charge density of Niosomes?
Which of the following is a membrane additive that increases the surface charge density of Niosomes?
What is one of the applications of Niosomes related to peptide drugs?
What is one of the applications of Niosomes related to peptide drugs?
In what type of drug delivery are Niosomes used for liver targeting?
In what type of drug delivery are Niosomes used for liver targeting?
Which membrane additive is known to prevent vesicle flocculation in Niosomes?
Which membrane additive is known to prevent vesicle flocculation in Niosomes?
For what purpose are charge inducers added as membrane additives to Niosomes?
For what purpose are charge inducers added as membrane additives to Niosomes?
What are the four categories of surfactants based on the charge of the head groups?
What are the four categories of surfactants based on the charge of the head groups?
Which field benefits from the specific applications of cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and neutral surfactants?
Which field benefits from the specific applications of cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and neutral surfactants?
What is a common application of surfactants in pharmaceutical products with poor aqueous solubility?
What is a common application of surfactants in pharmaceutical products with poor aqueous solubility?
What is a primary function of surfactants in emulsion formulations?
What is a primary function of surfactants in emulsion formulations?
Which type of surfactant is commonly used to solubilize Vitamin E, D, and other medicinal materials in medicinal drinks?
Which type of surfactant is commonly used to solubilize Vitamin E, D, and other medicinal materials in medicinal drinks?
How do surfactants contribute to drug delivery systems?
How do surfactants contribute to drug delivery systems?
What is the primary benefit of incorporating bile salts into bilosomes?
What is the primary benefit of incorporating bile salts into bilosomes?
Which of the following is NOT a key feature of quatsomes?
Which of the following is NOT a key feature of quatsomes?
What is the main concern regarding the use of cationic nanoparticles formulated with quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) in quatsomes?
What is the main concern regarding the use of cationic nanoparticles formulated with quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) in quatsomes?
What is the structural composition of bilosomes?
What is the structural composition of bilosomes?
Which of the following is NOT a potential application of quatsomes?
Which of the following is NOT a potential application of quatsomes?
Why are quatsomes considered promising alternatives to conventional liposomes?
Why are quatsomes considered promising alternatives to conventional liposomes?
What is the primary advantage of using non-ionic surfactants in Spanlastics?
What is the primary advantage of using non-ionic surfactants in Spanlastics?
What is the role of the edge activator in Spanlastics?
What is the role of the edge activator in Spanlastics?
Which component of Spanlastics contributes to their vesicular structure?
Which component of Spanlastics contributes to their vesicular structure?
What property of the surfactant determines the formation of bilayer vesicles over micelles?
What property of the surfactant determines the formation of bilayer vesicles over micelles?
Which component of Spanlastics helps to reduce the vesicle size and impart elasticity to the vesicle wall?
Which component of Spanlastics helps to reduce the vesicle size and impart elasticity to the vesicle wall?
What is the potential disadvantage of using hydrophilic wetting agents in Spanlastics?
What is the potential disadvantage of using hydrophilic wetting agents in Spanlastics?
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Study Notes
Surfactant Properties
- When the lipophilic group is weaker than the hydrophilic group, the surfactant becomes water-soluble.
- When the lipophilic group is stronger than the hydrophilic group, the surfactant becomes oil-soluble.
- Both water-soluble and oil-soluble surfactants have significant physio-chemical considerations for their use.
Importance of Surfactants
- Surfactants play an active role in designing and manufacturing industrial and consumer products, including cosmetics, detergents, paints, paper products, and pharmaceuticals.
- Surfactants are amphoteric and can solubilize both organic and inorganic substances.
- Surfactants produce micelles/reverse micelles after reaching their Critical Micellar Concentration (CMC), which can act as nano-sized supramolecules in solubilization, emulsification, and delivery of drugs.
Niosomes
- Niosomes are vesicular systems composed of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol.
- Adding cholesterol to niosomes makes the membrane rigid, reduces leakage of the drug, and increases the entrapment efficiency.
- Charge inducers, such as dicetyl phosphate (DCP) and stearyl amine (SA), can be added to niosomes to increase surface charge density, prevent vesicle flocculation, aggregation, and fusion.
Niosome Applications
- Niosomes can be used for controlled release of drugs, ophthalmic drug delivery, and improvement of stability and physical properties of drugs.
- Niosomes can also be used for targeting and retention of drugs in blood circulation, liver targeting, and improvement of efficacy of drugs in cancer therapy.
Classification of Surfactants
- Surfactants can be classified into four categories based on the charge of the head group: cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, and neutral surfactants.
- Each category has specific applications in bio-medicinal and pharmaceutical fields.
Pharmaceutical Dosage Development
- Surfactants are important in pharmaceutical dosage development, particularly in emulsion and as stabilizers.
- The self-assembly property of surfactants is useful for drug delivery systems.
- Surfactants can influence the solubility of pharmaceutical products, which often show poor aqueous solubility.
Quatsomes
- Quatsomes are a type of surfactant that can solubilize Vitamin E, D, and other medicinal materials.
- Quatsomes can enhance the bioactivity and stability of proteins and can be labeled with fluorescent dyes for bioimaging and biodistribution assays.
- Quatsomes are considered promising alternatives to conventional liposomes.
Bilosomes
- Bilosomes are elastic nano-sized colloidal carriers that incorporate bile salts.
- Bile salts act as permeability enhancers through biological barriers, including the intestinal membrane and blood-brain barrier (BBB).
- Bilosomes have shown enhanced therapeutic efficacy, improved drug bioavailability, and reduced drug toxicity compared to other drug delivery systems.
Spanlastics
- Spanlastics are composed of integral ingredients, including non-ionic surfactants, ethanol, and an edge activator.
- Edge activators, such as Tween-80 or Polyvinyl alcohol, help reduce the vesicle size and increase the elasticity of the spanlastics wall.
- Non-ionic surfactants, such as sorbitan alkylesters (Spans), are used in preparing vesicles due to their superior advantages, including better stability, compatibility, and low toxicity.
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