Chemical Reactions & Stoichiometry Quiz
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What is the significance of the Limiting Reagent in a chemical reaction?

  • It is the reactant that remains in excess after the reaction.
  • It is the substance that does not participate in the reaction.
  • It determines the maximum amount of product that can be formed. (correct)
  • It is the catalyst that speeds up the reaction.

    • What is the primary characteristic of an Exothermic reaction?

  • It absorbs heat from the surroundings.
  • It releases heat into the surroundings. (correct)
  • It requires energy input to proceed.
  • It decreases the temperature of the reactants.

    • What does a Net Ionic Equation specifically omit?

  • The balancing of atoms and charges.
  • All reactants involved in the reaction.
  • The actual chemical change that occurs.
  • The spectator ions that do not participate. (correct)

    • What is the relationship between Molar Mass and Molecular Weight?

    <p>Molar Mass is expressed in grams while Molecular Weight is in atomic mass units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the concept of Actual Yield?

    <p>It is the mass of product actually obtained from a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the positive and negative ions of ionic compounds when they dissolve in water?

    <p>They separate from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of a limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?

    <p>It is completely consumed during the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a reaction that absorbs heat?

    <p>Endothermic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a net ionic equation?

    <p>To focus on the species undergoing change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option accurately describes the heat generated during a combustion reaction?

    <p>It is referred to as the heat of reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when an acid is placed in water?

    <p>H3O+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction involves the transfer of a proton (H+)?

    <p>Acid-Base Reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An amphoteric substance can act only as an acid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do bases produce when placed in water?

    <p>OH- ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Bronstead Lowry acid?

    <p>A proton (H+) donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Bronstead Lowry base?

    <p>A proton (H+) acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a buffer solution do?

    <p>Resists a change in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the buffer capacity?

    <p>The maximum amount of acid or base that can be added before the buffer stops working</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when a proton (H+) is added to a base?

    <p>Conjugate Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do you get when you remove a proton (H+) from an acid?

    <p>Conjugate Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conjugate acid-base pair?

    <p>A pair of molecules or ions interconverted by transfer of a proton (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of acids can give up two protons (H+)?

    <p>Diprotic Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the hydronium ion?

    <p>H3O+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Ion Product of Water (Kw) at room temperature?

    <p>1.0 x 10-14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of acids can give up only one proton (H+)?

    <p>Monoprotic Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate pH?

    <p>-log[H3O+]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strong acids dissociate completely in water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of acids can give up three protons (H+)?

    <p>Triprotic Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weak acids completely dissociate in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do acids produce when placed in water?

    <p>H3O+ ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an acid-base reaction?

    <p>A proton (H+) transfer reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An amphoteric substance can act as either an acid or a base.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do bases produce when placed in water?

    <p>OH- ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a Bronsted-Lowry acid?

    <p>A proton (H+) donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a Bronsted-Lowry base?

    <p>A proton (H+) acceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a buffer solution?

    <p>A solution that resists a change in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is buffer capacity?

    <p>The maximum amount of acid or base that can be added before the buffer stops working</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when a proton (H+) is added to a base?

    <p>Conjugate Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when a proton (H+) is removed from an acid?

    <p>Conjugate Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a conjugate acid-base pair?

    <p>Any pair of molecules or ions that can be interconverted by transfer of a proton (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are diprotic acids?

    <p>Acids that can give up two protons (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hydronium ion represent?

    <p>H3O+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ion product of water (Kw) at room temperature?

    <p>1.0 x 10-14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are monoprotic acids?

    <p>Acids that can give up only one proton (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for pH?

    <p>-log[H3O+]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Strong acids and strong bases dissociate completely in water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are triprotic acids?

    <p>Acids that can give up three protons (H+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weak acids and weak bases dissociate completely in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemical Reactions & Stoichiometry

    • Stoichiometry: The study of mass relationships in chemical reactions, focusing on how much of each reactant is needed and how much product is formed.
    • Chemical Equation: A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas.
    • Reactants: Substances present at the start of a reaction.
    • Products: Substances formed during the reaction.

    Balancing Chemical Equations

    • Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions.
    • Balancing: Adjusting coefficients in front of chemical formulas to ensure the same number of each type of atom appears on both sides of the equation.

    Types of Chemical Reactions

    • Combustion: Burning in air, often involving rapid reaction with oxygen.
    • Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox Reactions): Reactions involving the transfer of electrons.
      • Oxidation: Loss of electrons, often involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen.
      • Reduction: Gain of electrons, often involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen.
      • Oxidizing Agent: The substance that accepts electrons, getting reduced.
      • Reducing Agent: The substance that donates electrons, getting oxidized.
    • Precipitation Reactions: Reactions forming an insoluble solid (precipitate) from soluble reactants in solution.
    • Acid-Base Reactions: Reactions involving the transfer of protons (H+ ions).

    Moles and Formula Weights

    • Mole (mol): The SI unit for amount of substance, defined as the number of entities (atoms, molecules, etc.) in a sample equal to the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
    • Avogadro's Number: The number of entities in one mole, approximately 6.022 x 10^23.
    • Formula Weight (FW): The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a chemical formula, expressed in atomic mass units (amu).
    • Molecular Weight (MW): The weight of a molecule, equivalent to the formula weight for molecular compounds.
    • Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance expressed in grams, numerically equal to the formula weight.

    Calculations Involving Moles and Grams

    • Grams to Moles Conversion: Divide the mass of the substance by its molar mass.
    • Moles to Grams Conversion: Multiply the number of moles by the molar mass.

    Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield

    • Limiting Reactant: The reactant that is completely consumed first in a reaction, determining the amount of product that can be formed.
    • Theoretical Yield: The maximum amount of product that can be formed based on the stoichiometry of the balanced equation, assuming complete reaction of the limiting reactant.
    • Actual Yield: The amount of product actually obtained in a reaction, often less than the theoretical yield due to factors like incomplete reactions, side reactions, or loss during isolation.
    • Percent Yield: The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield expressed as a percentage.

    Solutions and Aqueous Reactions

    • Aqueous Solutions: Solutions where water is the solvent.
    • Dissociation: The separation of ionic compounds into their ions when dissolved in water.
    • Spectator Ions: Ions that appear unchanged on both sides of a chemical equation, not directly involved in the reaction.
    • Net Ionic Equation: A chemical equation that only shows the species involved in the actual reaction, omitting spectator ions.

    Energy Changes in Reactions

    • Exothermic Reactions: Reactions that release heat to the surroundings, resulting in a decrease in temperature.
    • Endothermic Reactions: Reactions that absorb heat from the surroundings, resulting in an increase in temperature.
    • Heat of Reaction: The amount of heat absorbed or released during a reaction under specific conditions.
    • Heat of Combustion: The heat released during a combustion reaction.

    Applications

    • Batteries: Devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy through redox reactions.
    • Respiration: The process where living organisms obtain energy by oxidizing carbon-containing compounds.
    • Bleaching: The process of removing color from substances through oxidation or reduction reactions.
    • Rusting: The corrosion of iron by oxidation to form iron oxides.

    Actual Yield

    • The amount of product actually formed or isolated in a chemical reaction

    Aqueous Solutions

    • A type of solution where water is the solvent

    Avogadro's Number

    • The number of atoms in 1 mole of any compound.
    • The value is 6.023 x 10^23

    Batteries

    • A device where electricity is produced by a chemical reaction.

    Bleaching

    • A process in which colored compounds become colorless due to the presence of bleaching agents.

    Combustion

    • The process of burning in air.

    Dissociation

    • When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the positive and negative ions separate from each other.

    Endothermic Reaction

    • A reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings.

    Exothermic Reaction

    • A reaction that releases heat to its surroundings.

    Formula Weight (FW)

    • The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a chemical formula expressed in atomic mass units (amu).

    Heat of Combustion

    • The amount of heat released during a combustion reaction.

    Heat of Reaction

    • The change in heat energy occurring during a chemical reaction. It can be either positive (endothermic, heat absorbed) or negative (exothermic, heat released).

    Limiting Reagent

    • The reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction, limiting the amount of product formed.

    Molar Mass

    • The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams.
    • It's the same as the formula weight but expressed in grams.

    Mole (mol)

    • A unit of measurement for the amount of substance.
    • One mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains Avogadro's number of particles (6.023 x 10^23).

    Molecular Weight (MW)

    • The weight of a molecule, which is the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecular compound expressed in atomic mass units (amu).

    Net Ionic Equation

    • A simplified representation of a chemical equation that only includes the ions participating in the reaction and excludes spectator ions.
    • Both atoms and charges are balanced in the equation.

    Acids

    • Produce hydronium ions (H3O+) when placed in water
    • Can be monoprotic, diprotic, or triprotic depending on the number of protons they can donate
    • Strong acids dissociate 100% in water, while weak acids dissociate less than 100%

    Bases

    • Produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when placed in water
    • Strong bases dissociate 100% in water, while weak bases dissociate less than 100%

    Brønsted-Lowry Theory

    • Defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors
    • Allows for the identification of conjugate acid-base pairs
    • Any pair of molecules or ions that can be interconverted by transfer of a proton (H+)

    pH

    • A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution
    • Defined as the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration
    • Lower pH values indicate higher acidity, while higher pH values indicate higher alkalinity

    Buffers

    • Solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added
    • Typically contain a weak acid and its conjugate base
    • The buffer's capacity is the maximum amount of acid or base it can neutralize before losing its effectiveness

    Indicators

    • Substances that change color at a specific pH
    • Used to visually determine the pH of a solution

    Ion Product of Water (Kw)

    • The product of the hydronium ion concentration and the hydroxide ion concentration in pure water
    • At room temperature: Kw = 1.0 x 10^-14
    • The value of Kw is constant, regardless of the presence of other substances in solution

    Acids and Bases

    • Acid: Produces hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water.
    • Base: Produces hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
    • Brønsted-Lowry Acid: A proton (H+) donor.
    • Brønsted-Lowry Base: A proton (H+) acceptor.
    • Amphoteric (or Amphiprotic): A substance that can act as both an acid and a base.
    • Conjugate Acid-Base Pair: Two species that differ by one proton (H+). One species is the acid, and the other is the base.
    • Conjugate Acid: Formed by adding a proton (H+) to a base.
    • Conjugate Base: Formed by removing a proton (H+) from an acid.

    Acid Strength

    • Strong Acids: Dissociate completely (100%) in water.
    • Weak Acids: Dissociate partially (less than 100%) in water.
    • Monoprotic Acids: Can donate only one proton (H+), example: HCl.
    • Diprotic Acids: Can donate two protons (H+), example: H2SO4.
    • Triprotic Acids: Can donate three protons (H+), example: H3PO4.

    Bases

    • Strong Bases: Dissociate completely (100%) in water.
    • Weak Bases Dissociate partially (less than 100%) in water.

    pH and pOH

    • pH: A measure of the acidity of a solution; defined as the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration: -log[H3O+].
    • pOH: A measure of the basicity of a solution: -log [OH-].

    Ion Product of Water

    • Kw: The ion product of water: at room temperature, Kw = 1.0 x 10^-14.

    Buffer Solutions

    • Buffer Solutions: Resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.
    • Buffer Capacity: The maximum amount of acid or base that can be added before the buffer loses effectiveness.

    Indicators

    • Indicator: A substance that changes color in response to a specific pH range.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on chemical reactions, stoichiometry, and balancing chemical equations. This quiz covers key concepts such as reactants, products, and types of reactions like combustion and redox. Challenge yourself to apply the law of conservation of mass in various scenarios.

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