Chemical Reactions of Acids and Bases

What products are formed when metallic oxides react with acids?

What is the general nature of non-metallic oxides?

What products are formed when carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide (lime water)?

Why should curd and sour substances not be kept in brass and copper vessels?

What gas is typically released when an acid reacts with a metal?

What is a common product when both acids and bases react?

What is the general term for oxides that react with acids to form salts and water?

Which gas extinguishes a burning candle?

What is common to all acids?

What is produced when metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid?

If a metal oxide reacts with an acid and forms salt and water, what is the nature of the metal oxide?

A non-metallic oxide reacts with a base to produce salt and water. What can you infer about the nature of this non-metallic oxide?

Which of the following best describes the expected outcome when sulfur trioxide ($\text{SO}_3$) is bubbled through a solution of potassium hydroxide ($\text{KOH}$)?

Why is it chemically unsound to store lemon juice in a container made of aluminum?

When dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium metal, a gas is produced. What experimental method would confirm the identity of this gas?

A metal carbonate, $XCO_3$, reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce a gas that turns limewater milky. Besides the gas, what other products would you expect to find in the resulting solution?

Which statement explains why acids have similar chemical properties?

Based on Activity 2.8, what is the most accurate conclusion regarding compounds containing hydrogen?

A student mixes a solution of acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$) with a solution of sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$). Which of the following correctly describes the resulting solution?

Which observation would lead you least likely to classify an unknown substance as an acid?

If element X forms an oxide that reacts with both acids and bases, what term best describes this oxide?

When a non-metallic oxide reacts with water, what is the likely result?

Consider a solution where a metal oxide reacts with an acid. If the resulting solution is tested with a universal indicator and turns green, what does this indicate about the solution?

If you have two solutions, one of hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) and the other of sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$), how would you determine which one is acidic and which one is basic without tasting them?

Vinegar, which contains acetic acid, can react with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). What products would you expect from this reaction?

A student tests a solution with both red and blue litmus paper. The red litmus paper turns blue, while the blue litmus paper remains blue. What can the student conclude?

Magnesium oxide ($MgO$) is added to water, and the mixture is stirred. What would you expect the resulting solution to be?

If a solution of hydrochloric acid is electrolyzed, which gas would you expect to be liberated at the anode (positive electrode)?

Which of the following describes what happens when dilute hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) is added to copper oxide ($CuO$)?

Suppose you accidentally spill some strong acid on the floor. Which of the following actions is the MOST appropriate first step to neutralize the spill?

Consider a scenario where a metal oxide reacts with a strong acid, forming a salt and water. If the resulting solution is then evaporated, leaving behind a solid residue, what would you expect the composition of this residue to be?

A student investigates the reaction between various oxides and solutions. Which of the following observations would provide the STRONGEST evidence that a particular oxide is amphoteric?

When non-metallic oxide $X$ reacts with a base, it forms salt $Y$ and water. If salt $Y$ is then treated with a strong acid, which of the following outcomes would provide the best evidence that the original reaction was indeed an acid-base neutralization?

Consider the reaction between a metal and an acid in an open container. Which of the following factors would MOST significantly affect the rate of hydrogen gas production?

A student notices effervescence when a metal is added to hydrochloric acid and wants to ensure the evolved gas is hydrogen. Which of the following control experiments would BEST validate the student's conclusion?

Aqueous solutions of equimolar concentrations of hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) and acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$) are prepared. Which of the following statements accurately compares their properties?

A student is given a solid and told it is either a metal, metal oxide or non-metal oxide. When added to water, it forms an acidic solution. What can be definitively concluded about the solid?

Consider a scenario where metal X reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen gas. If the rate of gas production decreases significantly over time, despite the continued presence of both metal and acid, which of the following is the MOST likely explanation?

A student performs an experiment where they react zinc metal with hydrochloric acid in a closed container. The gas produced is collected and analyzed. How would increasing the concentration of hydrochloric acid affect the pressure inside the container, assuming a constant temperature?

If both hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) and nitric acid ($HNO_3$) solutions of equal molarity are tested for electrical conductivity, which of the following observations would be expected, and what accounts for this difference?

Consider a scenario where a novel metallic oxide, $M_2O_3$, is reacted with a Brnsted-Lowry superacid, $H_3O^+ SbF_5^-$, in anhydrous conditions. Given the propensity of superacids to fully protonate even weakly basic species, which of the following represents the most probable outcome, assuming complete reaction and formation of stable products?

A researcher discovers a new allotrope of carbon that forms a stable oxide, $C_5O_2$. When this oxide is bubbled through a concentrated solution of tetraethylammonium hydroxide ($(C_2H_5)_4NOH$), what is the most likely outcome, assuming standard conditions and complete reaction?

Imagine a scenario where zirconium metal reacts with concentrated perchloric acid ($HClO_4$). Considering the known passivity of zirconium due to surface oxide layer formation and the strong oxidizing nature of perchloric acid, what is the most probable initial product formed during this reaction under standard conditions?

Aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid ($HF$) are uniquely corrosive to silicate glasses ($SiO_2$). If a glass apparatus is used to contain a solution of $HF$, what are the most probable primary reaction products formed during this interaction?

Consider a novel electrochemical cell employing a metal oxide ($MO_2$) as a catalytic electrode for oxygen evolution in a highly alkaline electrolyte (10M $KOH$). If the overpotential for oxygen evolution is observed to decrease significantly upon surface treatment of the $MO_2$ electrode with a thin layer of a redox-active polymer, such as poly(vinylferrocene), which of the following mechanisms BEST explains this enhancement?

A graduate student attempts to synthesize a new metal-organic framework (MOF) using zinc oxide ($ZnO$) and a novel tetratopic organic linker containing carboxylic acid functional groups in a solvothermal reaction. Upon characterization, the resulting material is amorphous instead of crystalline. Which modification to the reaction conditions is MOST likely to promote the formation of a crystalline MOF?

A materials scientist is investigating the catalytic activity of a series of transition metal oxides for CO oxidation. They observe that the activity correlates strongly with the concentration of oxygen vacancies on the oxide surface. Which of the following statements BEST explains the role of oxygen vacancies in promoting CO oxidation?

In a newly developed solid-state battery, a lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO) perovskite ($Li_{0.34}La_{0.51}TiO_3$) is used as the solid electrolyte. However, during operation at elevated temperatures, the battery exhibits a rapid capacity fade due to the formation of an interfacial layer between the LLTO electrolyte and the lithium metal anode. Which of the following strategies is MOST likely to mitigate this issue?

Consider a scenario where a novel semiconductor quantum dot (QD) composed of cadmium sulfide ($CdS$) is synthesized and used for photocatalytic hydrogen production. After extensive characterization, it is discovered that the QDs exhibit extremely low quantum yield for hydrogen evolution due to rapid electron-hole recombination. Which of the following modifications is MOST likely to enhance the photocatalytic activity of these $CdS$ QDs?

A chemist is investigating the reaction between a complex cobalt oxide, $La_{1-x}Sr_xCoO_{3-\delta}$ (LSC), and sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) at high temperatures. This reaction is crucial in the development of sulfur-resistant catalysts for various industrial processes. Given that LSC can exhibit non-stoichiometry with oxygen vacancies ($\delta$) and that $SO_2$ is an acidic oxide, which of the following reaction pathways is MOST thermodynamically favorable?

Based on the general reaction between metallic oxides and acids, what type of compound is typically formed in addition to water?

If a non-metallic oxide reacts with a base, which products are most likely to be formed?

Why are metallic oxides generally considered to be basic oxides?

Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence, and the gas released extinguishes a burning candle. If one product of the reaction is calcium chloride, what is the identity of metal compound A?

When a non-metallic oxide, such as sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$), reacts with water, what is the likely result?

Consider a scenario where a student mixes hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) with an unknown substance and observes effervescence. The gas produced turns limewater milky. What can be concluded about the unknown substance?

A student tests a gas produced from a chemical reaction and finds that it extinguishes a burning splint and turns limewater milky. Which gas is MOST likely present?

When a non-metallic oxide reacts with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$), in aqueous solution, what primary interaction governs the chemical outcome at a molecular level?

A research team is investigating the reaction mechanism between a novel superacid, $H(CB_{11}H_6Cl_6)$, and a weakly basic metal oxide nanoparticle, $TiO_2$, in a non-aqueous solvent. Given the extreme proton donating ability of the superacid, which of the following initial steps is MOST likely to occur?

Metallic oxides are considered basic oxides because they react with acids in a manner similar to:

Non-metallic oxides are generally considered acidic because they:

If a solution containing calcium hydroxide is exposed to carbon dioxide, what will likely happen?

What is a key characteristic shared by all acids, according to the text?

Assuming the general properties discussed, what type of oxide is $SO_2$?

Based on the activity described with glucose, alcohol, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid, what is being investigated?

A student finds that a gas produced during a reaction extinguishes a burning candle and forms a white precipitate when bubbled through limewater. If the reaction also produces calcium chloride, what was likely one of the reactants?

Why are certain food items not recommended in brass and copper vessels?

A newly discovered oxide, $X_2O_3$, reacts vigorously with both hydrochloric acid ($HCl$) and sodium hydroxide ($NaOH$), forming salts and water in each case. What can be definitively concluded about the nature of $X_2O_3$?

A researcher prepares several solutions: hydrochloric acid ($HCl$), acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$), ethanol ($C_2H_5OH$), and sucrose ($C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$). Each solution has the same concentration of hydrogen atoms. Which solution will exhibit the LOWEST electrical conductivity?