Chemical Reactions and Changes
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Questions and Answers

Which term describes a new solid formed when clear solutions are mixed?

  • Saturated Solution
  • Effervescence
  • Precipitate (correct)
  • Solution

    • What is a characteristic of an endothermic reaction?

  • Light is produced during the reaction
  • Energy is released into the environment
  • Temperature decreases as the reaction proceeds
  • Heat is absorbed from the surroundings (correct)

    • What process is used to separate a soluble solid from a solution?

  • Evaporation (correct)
  • Chromatography
  • Distillation
  • Filtration

    • Which factor has the least effect on the rate of reaction?

    <p>Color of reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines solubility?

    <p>The amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

    <p>To speed up the reaction without being consumed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does decreasing the particle size of a reactant affect the reaction rate?

    <p>Speeds up the reaction rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does effervescence indicate in a chemical reaction?

    <p>Gas bubbles are produced in a liquid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups contains gases at room temperature?

    <p>Noble Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct chemical formula for carbon dioxide?

    <p>CO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Tetra-' signify in chemical names?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valency of Oxygen based on the provided group number?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion has a valency of 3?

    <p>Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What valency is commonly associated with transition metals?

    <p>Variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What charge do nonmetals acquire by gaining electrons?

    <p>Negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an indicator of a chemical reaction?

    <p>A color change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chemical formulas with prefixes, what happens if one element is prefixed and the other is not?

    <p>The one without a prefix is present in only one atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of group 0 elements?

    <p>They are predominantly gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond involves the sharing of 6 electrons?

    <p>Triple bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of electron arrangement, how do metals achieve stability?

    <p>By losing electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arrangement corresponds to a trigonal pyramidal shape?

    <p>Three bonds and one lone pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during an endothermic reaction?

    <p>Heat energy is absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements describes a physical change?

    <p>Melting ice cream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a specific temperature?

    <p>Saturated solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What state symbol represents a gas in a chemical equation?

    <p>(g)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to balance a chemical equation if necessary?

    <p>Adding big numbers in front of elements or compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when two non-metals share electrons?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about ionic compounds?

    <p>They are made from the transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can atoms achieve a stable electron configuration?

    <p>By sharing electrons through covalent bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines a double bond between two atoms?

    <p>Two pairs of electrons are shared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the reaction H₂ + O₂ → H₂O, which element is being combined in this balanced equation?

    <p>Hydrogen and Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to non-metals when they gain electrons?

    <p>They become negatively charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the atomic number represent?

    <p>Number of protons in an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding isotopes?

    <p>Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mass number of an atom?

    <p>Total of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a negative ion formed?

    <p>By gaining additional electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the relative atomic mass (RAM) represent?

    <p>The average atomic mass of all isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of electrons in the first energy shell?

    <p>2 electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the periodic table, how are elements organized?

    <p>In order of increasing atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a target diagram?

    <p>The position of electrons in relation to the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group contains very reactive metals that react with water to produce hydrogen?

    <p>Group 1 (Alkali Metals)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of transition metals?

    <p>They are good conductors of heat and electricity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is classified as a gaseous element at room temperature?

    <p>Helium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide represented?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'Di-' represent in chemical nomenclature?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valency of an element in Group 7?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of noble gases?

    <p>They are very unreactive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Roman numeral in Iron(III) chloride indicate?

    <p>A valency of 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemical Reactions

    • New substances are always produced in chemical reactions
    • These reactions are usually difficult to reverse
    • Physical changes involve changes in state and are easily reversed
    • No new substances are formed in physical changes

    Chemical Changes Examples

    • Car rusting
    • Boiled egg (formation of solid)
    • Burning toast

    Physical Changes Examples

    • Ice cream melting
    • Draining water from rice
    • Stirring sugar into a cup of tea

    Indicators of Chemical Reactions

    • Color change
    • Gas production
    • Formation of a new solid
    • Energy change (heat, light, or sound)

    Energy Changes

    • Temperature increases during exothermic reactions (heat given off)
    • Temperature decreases during endothermic reactions (heat absorbed)
    • Light or sound production can also occur

    Effervescence

    • Gas bubbles forming in a liquid

    Precipitate

    • Formation of a new solid when clear solutions mix

    Solutions

    • Solute: Substance being dissolved
    • Solvent: Liquid doing the dissolving (e.g., water, alcohol)
    • Solution: Liquid with something dissolved in it
    • Saturated Solution: Cannot dissolve more solute at a given temperature
    • Soluble: Substances that dissolve well
    • Insoluble: Substances that do not dissolve well

    Separating Mixtures

    • Filtration: Separating an insoluble solid from a liquid
    • Evaporation: Separating dissolved solutes from a liquid
    • Distillation: Separating liquids with different boiling points

    Word Equations

    • Chemicals that react together are reactants
    • Chemicals produced are products

    Rates of Reaction

    • Particle Size: Smaller particles react faster due to increased surface area
    • Temperature: Higher temperatures increase reaction rates
    • Concentration: Higher concentrations increase reaction rates
    • Catalyst: Speeds up reactions without being consumed

    Measuring Reaction Rates

    • Measure volume of gas: Using inverted measuring cylinders or gas syringes
    • Measure mass change: Using a balance

    Atomic Structure

    • Atoms are stable and neutral due to an equal number of protons and electrons
    • Mass Number: Number of protons plus neutrons.
    • Atomic Number: Number of protons
    • Number of Neutrons: Mass number minus atomic number

    Isotopes

    • Atoms having the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
    • Have the same atomic number but different mass numbers

    Relative Atomic Mass

    • Average atomic mass taking the abundance of each isotope in account

    Ions

    • Unbalanced atoms that have either gained or lost electrons
    • Negative ions gain electrons
    • Positive ions lose electrons

    Electron Arrangement

    • Electrons fill electron energy levels (shells) starting from the innermost shell
    • Maximum 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 in the second and third

    Target Diagram Rules

    • Shells are filled starting from the innermost (first) to outermost (next)
    • The first shell has a maximum of 2 electrons. The next ones progressively have a maximum of 8

    Covalent Compounds

    • Formed when non-metals share electrons to complete their outer electron shells
    • Outer electron diagrams are similar to target diagrams, but only show the outer (last) electron shell

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of chemical reactions and changes with this quiz. Learn the differences between chemical and physical changes, along with examples and indicators of each. Test your knowledge on the energy changes involved in these processes.

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